Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PoM Block 1 > Cellular Metabolism 1- Carbohydrates And Amino Acids (1) > Flashcards

Cellular Metabolism 1- Carbohydrates And Amino Acids (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 6 types of reaction that define metabolism?

A
  1. oxidation- reduction
  2. ligation requiring ATP cleavage
  3. isomerisation
  4. group transfer
  5. hydrolytic
  6. addition/removal of functional groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is oxidation-reduction?

A

electron transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ligation requiring ATP cleavage?

A

formation of covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is isomerisation?

A

rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is group transfer?

A

transfer of a functional group from 1 molecule to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of kinase enzymes?

A

to transfer phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the 1st reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • group transfer
  • enzyme: hexokinase
  • glucose–> glucose-6-phosphate (+ H+)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the 2nd reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • isomerisation
  • enzyme: phosphoglucose isomerase
  • glucose-6-phosphate–> fructose-6-phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the 3rd reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • group transfer
  • enzyme: phosphofructokinase
  • fructose-6-phosphate–> fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the 4th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • hydrolysis…generates 2 high energy compounds
  • enzyme: aldolase
  • fructose-1,6-bisphosphate–> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the 5th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • isomerisation
  • enzyme: triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)
  • dihydroxyacetone–> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the 6th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • redox and group transfer…NADH generated
  • enzyme: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate–> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the 7th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • group transfer…ATP generated
  • enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase
  • 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate–> 3-phosphoglycerate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the 8th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • isomerisation
  • enzyme: phosphoglycerate mutase
  • 3-phosphoglycerate–> 2-phosphoglycerate
17
Q

What is the 9th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • group removal (dehydration)
  • enzyme: enolase
  • 2-phosphoglycerate–> phosphoenolpyruvate (+H20)
18
Q

What is the 10th reaction in glycolysis?

A
  • group transfer (ATP produced)
  • enzyme: pyruvate kinase
  • phosphoenolpyruvate–> pyruvate
19
Q

What is the net result of glycolysis?

A
  • net gain of 2 ATP

- 2 NADH produced

20
Q

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

A
  • alcoholic fermentation
  • lactate production
  • acetyl coA production
21
Q

What 2 reactions occur in alcoholic fermentation of pyruvate?

A

pyruvate–> acetaldehyde using pyruvate decarboxylase (CO2 produced)

acetaldehyde–> ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+ produced)

22
Q

What is the reaction involved in the generation of lactate using pyruvate?

A
  • reversible rxn
  • anaerobic
  • pyruvate lactate using lactate dehydrogenase (NAD+ produced)
23
Q

What is the common purpose of alcoholic fermentation and the generation of lactate?

A
  • the regeneration of NAD+
  • thus glycolysis can continue in anaerobic conditions
  • N.B. NAD+ needed for dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate–> essential for the next step which generates ATP
24
Q

What is the purpose of creatine kinase?

A
  • converts creatine phosphate–> creatine + ATP (reversible)

- supply ATP to muscles during exercise

25
Q

How is acetyl coA generated from pyruvate?

A
  • enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
  • NADH produced
  • decarboxylation
  • occurs in mitochondria–> acetyl coA committed to entry into TCA cycle
26
Q

What disease is caused by a deficiency of thiamine?

A

Beri-Beri

27
Q

What is the net result of the TCA cycle (1 turn)?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 1 GTP
  • 1 FADH2
  • 2 CO2 (waste)
28
Q

Why does the TCA cycle only operate under aerobic conditions?

A

the reduced coenzymes are re-oxidised with the help of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation

29
Q

What are the steps in the TCA cycle?

A
  1. 4C oxaloacetate + 2C acetyl coA –> 6C citrate
  2. 6C citrate–> 6C isocitrate
  3. oxidative decarboxylation
    6C isocitrate–> 5C alpha-ketoglutarate (+ NADH +CO2)
  4. oxidative decarboxylation
    5C–> 4C succinyl coA (+ NADH +CO2)
  5. 4C succinyl coA–> 4C succinate (+GTP)
  6. 4C succinate–> 4C fumerate (+FADH2)
  7. 4C fumerate–> 4C malate
  8. 4C malate–> 4C oxaloacetate (+NADH)
30
Q

What Krebs cycle enzyme is not located in the mitochondrial matrix?

A

succinate dehydrogenase- in inner mitochondrial membrane

31
Q

What 7 molecules can all 20 amino acids give rise to?

A
  • pyruvate
  • acetyl coA
  • acetoacetyl coA
  • alpha-ketoglutarate
  • succinyl coA
  • fumarate
  • oxaloacetate
32
Q

What is the difference between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids?

A
  • ketogenic amino acids are converted to either acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA
  • whereas glucogenic amino acids are converted to pyruvate or to citric acid cycle intermediates
33
Q

How does NADH/its high energy electrons cross from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix?

A
  • glycerol phosphate shuttle (skeletal muscle, brain)

- malate-aspartate shuttle (liver, kidney and heart)

34
Q

How does the glycerol phosphate shuttle work?

A
  • cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers electrons from NADH to DHAP (dihidroxyacetone phosphate)–> to generate glycerol-3-phosphate
  • mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers the electrons to FAD–> then donates electrons to coenzyme Q (part of ETC)
35
Q

How does the malate-aspartate shuttle work?

A
  • transamination and redox reactions
  • cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms of aspartate transaminase and malate dehydrogenase
  • aspartate (+a-ketoglutarate oxaloacetate (+glutamate) malate

PoM Block 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions