CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION AND TISSUE LEVEL Flashcards
1
Q
Microscopic fundamental units of all
living things
A
cells
2
Q
divides into two identical daughter
cells
A
cell division
3
Q
What is the study of cells?
A
Cell biology
4
Q
The General structure of a cell
A
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
5
Q
It controls the cell
A
Nucleus
6
Q
Normally the DNA is spread out
within the nucleus as a threadlike
matrix called______
A
chromatin
7
Q
Humans have _______ pairs of
chromosomes
A
23
8
Q
the boundary of the cell, sometimes called the plasma membrane
A
Cell Membranes
9
Q
Cell Membranes the boundary of the cell, sometimes called the
A
plasma membrane
10
Q
“selective permeability”
A
Cell Membranes
11
Q
tiny finger like projections that increases the
cell’s surface
A
Microvilli
12
Q
tightly stitched between the cells
A
Tight junction
13
Q
proteins attachments between adjavent cells.
A
Desmosomes
14
Q
narrow tunnel that directly connect the cytoplasm of two neighboring cells
A
Gap Junction
15
Q
A gel like material with the cell
membrane
A
Cytoplasm
16
Q
It is a fluid matrix, the cytosol
in which it consist of 80% to
90% water, salts, organic
molecules and many enzymes Cytosols
A
Cytoplasm
17
Q
The “powerhouse of the
cell”
A
Mitochondria
18
Q
They are occasionally
found attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum
A
Ribosomes
19
Q
Plays an active role in the
complex process of protein
synthesis, where they
serve as the structures that
facilitates the joining of
amino acids
A
Ribosomes
20
Q
Is a complex three dimensional internal
membrane system of flattened sheets,
sacs and tubes that plays an important
role in making proteins and shuttling
cellular products
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
21
Q
(without ribosomes)
A
Smooth ER
22
Q
(with ribosomes)
A
Rough ER
23
Q
functions in many metabolic processes
such as to produce and move lipids
A
Smooth ER
24
Q
they attaches
polysaccharide groups to the polypeptides
as they are assembled by the ribosome
A
Rough ER
25
“packages” packages cellular products in
sacs called vesicles so that the products
can cross the cell membrane and exit the
cell
Golgi Apparatus
26
The central deliver system for the cell
Golgi Apparatus
27
It transports lipids and creates lysosomes
and organelles involved in digestion
Golgi Apparatus
28
Function to modify and package proteins
and lipids into vesicle
Golgi Apparatus
29
Sac like compartments that
contains a number of
powerful degradative
enzymes
Lysosome
30
Built in the golgi apparatus
Lysosome
31
Organelles in which oxygen is used
to oxidize substances, breaking
down lipids and detoxifying certain
chemical
Peroxisomes
32
They break down harmful
cell products and waste
materials, cellular debris
and foreign invaders
Lysosome
33
They self replicate by enlarging and
dividing
Peroxisomes
34
Common in liver and kidney cells
which break down potentially
harmful substances
Peroxisomes
35
Threadlike proteins that
make up the cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
36
Helps cells maintain their
shape and allows cells their
contents tp move
Cytoskeleton
37
The network is composed of
three elements
Microtublules
ntermediate filaments
microfilaments
38
This are rod like
structures composed
of 9 bundles that
contain three
microtubules each
Centrioles
39
Many prokaryotes have________, allowing
them to move.
flagella
40
they are present in single-celled
protozoans, where they beat in
synchrony to move the cells nimbly
through the water
Cilia
41
composed of extensions of the cell
membrane that contains microtubules
Cilia
42
what are the cell that connects body parts
Fibroblast
Erythrocyte
43
type of cell
that contributes to the
formation of connective
tissue
Fibroblast
44
carry oxygen
from the lungs and deliver
it throughout the body
Erythrocyte
45
what cell that covers and lines body
parts
Epithelial cells
46
what are the Cells that move organs and body
parts
Skeletal and smooth muscle
47
what Cell that stores nutrient
Fat cell (Adipose)
48
Cell that fight diseases
Macrophage( a phagocytic
cell)
49
Cell that gathers information
and controls body functions
Nerve cell
50
Cell of reproduction
* Oocyte
* Sperm
51
This is the biological study
of the activities that take
place in a cell to keep it alive
Cell physiology
52
The simplest method of
transport and is dependent
upon the concentration
gradient and the size of the
solute
Passive transport
53
a passive transport
which tends to move from on
area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration
until the concentration is
equal
Diffusion
54
Materials move across the plasma
membrane with the help of
membrane proteins.
Facilitated diffusion
55
These proteins are called transport
proteins and can be channels or
carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
56
channel proteins are transmembrane
proteins that folds in such way as to
form a channel or pore through the
membrane and each of these
channels is specific for one particular
substance
Facilitated diffusion
57
The movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
58
This is a mechanism that
require the use of the cell’s
energy
Active
Transport
Processes
59
a type of
active transport that
moves particles, such as
large molecules, parts of
cells and even whole
cells, into a cell.
Endocytosis
60
Three types of
endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor endocytosis
61
“cell eating”
Phagocytosis
62
“cell drinking”
Pinocytosis
63
A targeted variation of endocytosis
that employs receptor proteins in the
plasma membrane that have a specific
binding affinity for certain substances
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
64
Cells also use ___________ to secrete
proteins such as hormoes,
nuerotransmitters or parts of the
extracellular matrix
exocytosis
65
is the series
changes a cell goes through
from the time it is formed until
it divide
Cell life cycle
66
The DNA molecules that form part
o the chromatin is duplicated
exactly
DNA
Replication
67
This occurs toward the end of the
cell’s interphase period
DNA
Replication
68
mRNA carries the _________
containing instructions for
protein synthesis from the DNA
gene in the nucleus to the
ribosome in the cytoplasm.
“message”
69
Messenger and decoder
Role of RNA
70
Group of cells that are similar in structure and function are called
TISSUES
71
Lining, covering and
glandular tissue of the body
Epithelial Tissue/ Epithelium
72
Protection, absorption,
filtration and secretion
Epithelial Tissue/ Epithelium
73
Usually forms membranes where filtration or
exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs
Simple squamous epithelium
74
Also forms serous membranes, or serosae that
slick membranes the tine the ventral body cavity
and cover the organ in the cavity
Simple squamous epithelium
75
* Common in glands and their ducts
* Functions as absorption, secretion
and protection
Simple cuboidal epithelium
76
* Goblet cells which produce a
lubricating mucus
* Lines the length of the digestive
tract from the stomach to the anus
* Functions in secretion, excretion
and absorption
Simple columnar epithelium
77
are tissues formed by
a single layer of cells that give
the appearance of being made
from multiple layers
Pseudostratified columnar
epithelia
78
* Most common type in body
* The cells at the free edge are squamous cells
whereas those close to the basement membrane
are cuboidal or columnar
* Esophagus, mouth and skin
Stratified squamous epithelium
79
gland consists of one or more
cells that make and secrete a
particular product
Glandular Epithelium
80
Connective tissues consist of living cells surrounded
by a
matrix
81
Specialized connective tissue onsisting of cells, fibers
and ground substance. Unlike other connective
tissues, its extracellular components are mineralized
giving it substantial strength and rigidity
bone
82
Less hard and more flexible than bone
Cartilage
83
forms the supporting structure of the
larynx
Hayaline cartilage
84
forms the cushion like disks between the
vertebrae of the spinal column
Fibrocartilage
85
is found where elasticity is desired, supports
the external ear
Elastic cartilage
86
Softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue except blood.
Loose connective tissue
87
They are widely distributed connective tissue variety iin the body, it is soft, pliable tissue that cushions and protects the body organ it wraps
Areolar tissues
88
Soft layer of areolar connective tissue is called the __________ underlies all mucous membranes
kamina propia
89
it is an areolar tissue in which fat cells predominates
Adipose tissue
90
Forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
Adipose tissue
91
This consist of delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells which resemble a
fibroblast
Reticular connective tissue
92
Highly specialized to contract or
shorten
Muscle Tissue
93
* Neurons, receive and conduct
electromechanical impulses
from one part of the body to
another
* Irritability and conductivity
Nervous tissue
94
carries the message containing instructions for
protein synthesis from the DNA
gene in the nucleus to the
ribosome in the cytoplasm.
mRNA
