Cellular Innate Immunity (Chap 5, 13, 19)

Question 1

Phagocytosis

Answer 1

“eating by cells”

Question 2

Where do all leukocytes originate

Answer 2

Bone marrow, (myeloid) stem cells

Question 3

Neutrophil response in invading microorganisms

Answer 3

rapid response by eating the invading organisms
-incapable of sustained phagocytic effort.

Question 4

Macrophages response in invading microorganism

Answer 4

move more slowly but are highly effecting phagocytes and capable of repeated phagocytosis

Question 5

lobulated, irregular nucleus

Answer 5

polymorphonuclear

Question 6

single, rounded nucleus

Answer 6

mononuclear

Question 7

single, rounded nucleus

Answer 7

mononuclear

Question 8

cells whose granules take up basic dyes such as hematoxylin

Answer 8

Basophils

Question 9

Cells whose granules take up acidic dyes such as eosin

Answer 9

Eosinophils

Question 10

Cells whose granules take up neither of the basic and acidic dyes are called?

Answer 10

Neutrophils

Question 11

Cells that are polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Answer 11

-eosinophils
-neutrophils
-basophils

Question 12

white blood cells that are mononuclear

Answer 12

monocytes
lymphocytes

Question 13

neutrophils are sequestered in what organs?

Answer 13

capillaries within the ff:
liver, spleen, lungs, bone marrow

Question 14

Neutrophil production is regulated by what cytokine

Answer 14

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Question 15

Mechanism in maintaining/ matching the rate of neutrophil production and removal

Answer 15

Apoptotic neutrophils are removed by macrophages.
Macrophages then produce interleukin-23. Once IL-23 increases, it then promotes IL-17 production by lymphocytes and the IL-17 in turn stimulates G-CSF production and stem cell activity.

Question 16

Structure of Neutrophil

Answer 16

10 to 20 μm in diameter.
finely granulated cytosol at the center, irregular sausage-like or segmented nucleus.

Question 17

three major types of enzyme-rich granules in neutrophil cytosol.

Answer 17

1. Primary (azurophil) granules
2. Secondary (specific) granules: contain lysozyme & collagenase
3. Tertiary granules : gelatinase

Question 18

Three major types of lymphocyte and their roles.

Answer 18

1. Innate lymphoid cells (innate immunity)
2. T cells (regulate adaptive immunity and responsible for cell-mediated immune responses.)
3. B cells (antibody production)

Question 19

Lymphocyte structure

Answer 19

7- 15 μm in diameter.
contains a single large round nucleus (stains intensely and evenly with hematoxylin stain.

Question 20

The pattern of a cell surface molecules expressed on a cell is called?

Answer 20

Phenotype

Question 21

Locations of lymphocytes within the body

Answer 21

1. lymph nodes -40%
2. spleen - 13%
3. Other tissues - 25%
4. Intestine - 10%
5. Bone marrow - 10%
6. Blood - 2 %

Question 22

B cells predominate in what areas of the body?

Answer 22

cortex of lymph nodes, follicles within the Peyer’s Patches, spleen, marginal zone of the white pulp of the spleen.

Question 23

a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on leukocytes.
(human & mouse)

Answer 23

Cluster of Differentiation (CD)

Question 24

Protocol used in the identification of the cell surface molecules in domestic animals leukocytes that have no recognized homolog in human or mouse.

Answer 24

Workshop cluster (WC)
ex: BoWC1

Question 25

They don't have antigen receptor like T and B cells, instead, they have germline encoded receptors that can bind to molecules expresses on healthy normal cells but dop not on diseased, abnormal cells

Answer 25

Innate Lymphoid cells

Question 26

receptors that are for MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells, and is only found in helper T cells

Answer 26

CD4

Question 27

A protein receptor that is only expressed on T cells that attack and kill abnormal cells, cytotoxic T cells. Receptors for MHC class I molecules.

Answer 27

CD8

Question 28

-signaling triggers NK cell activation - found on granulocytes, NK cells, macrophages

Answer 28

CD16

Question 29

CD32 (FcyRII)

Answer 29

- found on B cells, dendritic cells, myeloid cells

Question 30

CD32 a

Answer 30

- expressed on macrophages and neutrophils - activating receptor that promotes phagocytosis and triggers release of cytokines

Question 31

CD32b

Answer 31

- B cells - inhibitory receptor and regulates antibody production

Question 32

are heterodimeric proteins formed by alpha and beta chains. they bind cells to extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, and collagen

Answer 32

Integrins

Question 33

The type of adherence molecule that regulates the emigration of lymphocytes from the bloodstream into tissues

Answer 33

Selectins P- selectin (CD62P), L-selectin (CD62L), E-selectin (CD62E)

Question 34

The ligand for CD2

Answer 34

CD68

Question 35

The ligand for CD2

Answer 35

CD68

Question 36

are single-chain type I glycoproteins of 220 kDa belonging to the "scavenger receptor cysteine-rich" protein superfamily.

Answer 36

WC1

Question 37

Innate lymphoid cells that regulate the responses to the intestinal microbiota and play important roles in allergic disease, autoimmunity, and obesity

Answer 37

helper cells (ILC1)

Question 38

Innate lymphoid cells that serve as a first line of defense against viruses, some intracellular bacteria, fungi, and parasitic worms

Answer 38

NK cells (Natural killer cells)

Question 39

Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC)

Answer 39

defends against viruses, intracellular bacteria, parasites -found in the intestinal mucosa (lamina propria) - Antagonize type 2 responses

Question 40

Group 2 ILC

Answer 40

defends against helminths - lung, skin, bone marrow, liver, mesenteric fat, small intestine - Arise from lymphoid stem cells 1. GATA3 2. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-alpha (RORa)

Question 41

Group 3 ILC

Answer 41

promotes immunity to intracellular bacteria - gastrointestinal tract (lamina propria, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix), lung - RORyt as transcription factor - also called as "Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi)"

Question 42

are innate-like T cells that express both NK cell markets and a TCR of limited diversity.

Answer 42

NKT cells (Natural killer T cells)