Cellular Injury

Question 1

Decrease in oxygen supply

Answer 1

Hypoxia

Ex: anemia

Question 2

Complete absence of oxygen

Answer 2

Ischemia

Question 3

It has greater affinity compared to oxygen

Answer 3

Carbon monoxide

Question 4

8 causes of cell injury

Answer 4

• hypoxia
• ischemia
• physical injury
• chemical injury
• infectious injury
• genetic derangement
• nutritional imbalance
• aging and senescence

Question 5

Types of cell injury

Answer 5

Reversible and irreversible

Question 6

Thickening of interstisium space in alveoli

Answer 6

Pneumonia

Question 7

Aka “heart attack”

Answer 7

Acute myocardial infarction

Question 8

It means complete blocked coronary artery

Answer 8

Infarct

Question 9

1) Mild and short lived

2) Na-K ATPase

Answer 9

Reversible cell injury

Question 10

2 hallmark of reversible cell injury

Answer 10

• cellular swelling

* oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

Produced in mitochondria

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

It needs oxygen for production

Answer 12

Mitochondria

Question 13

1) caused by hydropic change

2) changed by ion concentration and water influx

Answer 13

Cellular swelling

Question 14

Functional changes during reversible cell injury

Answer 14

1. Reduced energy production
2. Decreased protein synthesis
3. Increased autophagy

Question 15

Swollen \_\_\_\_\_\_ generates \_\_\_\_\_\_ energy.
A. Ribosomes, more 
B. Mitochondria, less
C. Mitochondria, more
D. Ribosomes, less

Answer 15

B

Question 16

A hallmark of reversible cell injury needed to produce ATP

Answer 16

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

The product of Anaerobic glycolysis is LACTIC ACID wherein it produces _______

Answer 17

Cellular acidosis

Question 18

1) this enzyme leaks out to the cytoplasm from lysosomes

2) can digest cellular organelles

Answer 18

Hydrolytic enzyme

Question 19

Due to acidic pH of the cell the metabolism slows _____.
A. Up
B . Down

Answer 19

B. Down

Question 20

Dilation and fragmentation of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum and loss of membrane can lead to the detachment of ribosome that results to ______

Answer 20

Decrease protein synthesis

Question 21

Damaged proteins and toxic intermediate products are sequestered in autophagosomes (lysosomes) can RESULT to:

Answer 21

Increased autophagy

Question 22

An enzyme that may leak out from over distended phagosomes into acidified cytoplasm contributing to the damage of other cellular components

Answer 22

Hydrolytic lysosomal enzyme

Question 23

A cell injury wherein it is caused by heavy doses of toxins, anoxia, prolonged hypoxia

Answer 23

Irreversible cell injury

Question 24

Nuclear/ultra structural changes in irreversible cell injury (3)

Answer 24

1) pyknosis
2) karyorrhexis
3) karyolysis

Question 25

A structural change wherein there is a marked condensation of chromatin

Answer 25

Pyknosis

Question 26

A structural change wherein there is a fragmentation into smaller particles

Answer 26

Karyorrhexis

Question 27

A structural change wherein there is a dissolution of nuclear structure and LYSIS of chromatin

Answer 27

Karyolysis

Question 28

Is a reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment. May take several distinct forms.

Answer 28

Adaptations

Question 29

4 different cellular adaptation or adaptive mechanism

Answer 29

1) Atrophy 2) Hypertrophy 3) Hyperplasia 4) Metaplasia

Question 30

A cellular adaptation wherein there is a DECREASE in the size or # of cells in tissue or organ

Answer 30

Atrophy

Question 31

Physiologic or Pathologic: decrease in the size of uterus after pregnancy based on ATROPHY

Answer 31

Physiologic

Question 32

Physiologic or Pathologic: Due to the loss of stimulus of the organ based on ATROPHY

Answer 32

Pathologic

Question 33

T or F: Atrophy can be caused by hormones

Answer 33

True

Question 34

8 causes of Atrophy:

Answer 34

* loss of blood supply * loss of innervation (dec. nerve stimulation) * loss of endocrine stimulus * disuse (ex: bone fracture) * nutritional deficiency (protein) * dec. workload (muscles) * mechanical compression * aging

Question 35

A space occupying lesion in the brain

Answer 35

Tumor

Question 36

1) dec. in muscle mass | 2) common among elderly

Answer 36

Sarcopenia

Question 37

1) INCREASE in the size of the cell, organ due to enlargement of individual cells 2) no new cells, just larger cells

Answer 37

Hypertrophy

Question 38

Physiologic or Pathologic: due to stressor | Ex: skeletal muscle during exercise

Answer 38

Physiologic

Question 39

Physiologic or Pathologic: increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis

Answer 39

Pathologic

Question 40

Gross: increase in organ

Answer 40

Hypertrophy

Question 41

1) INCREASE in the size of an organ due to an increase # of cells 2) response to chronic injury

Answer 41

Hyperplasia | Ex: callus or corn in tight shoes

Question 42

Physiologic or Pathologic: increase in the size of the breast during puberty

Answer 42

Physiologic

Question 43

Physiologic or Pathologic: increase in the thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle

Answer 43

Physiologic

Question 44

Cause of PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA

Answer 44

Hormonal and compensatory

Question 45

1) regeneration of liver tissue after donating some parts | Ex: liver donation

Answer 45

Compensatory

Question 46

Physiologic or Pathologic: proliferation of endometrium due to PROLONGED estrogen stimulation

Answer 46

Pathologic

Question 47

Physiologic or Pathologic: growth of adrenal gland due to ACTH by a pituitary adenoma. It represent early neoplasia

Answer 47

Pathologic

Question 48

Physiologic or Pathologic: hyperplasia polyp in large intestine (endometrial hyperplasia)

Answer 48

Pathologic

Question 49

Year/s of screening need for patients who are diagnosed with Endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 49

* Every 1 year (if they still have the disease) | * Every 3 years (already recovered)

Question 50

A Pathologic hyperplasia caused by HPV-virus

Answer 50

Warts

Question 51

1) common in 45 y/old men 2) Pathologic 3) enlargement of the prostate 4) cause obstruction of urine flow

Answer 51

BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy)

Question 52

Symptom of BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy)

Answer 52

Urinary frequency

Question 53

Hyperplasia does not occur in the MYOCYTES of _____ and ______. Because only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia A. Liver and stomach B. Heart and neurons in the brain C. Uterus and prostate

Answer 53

B. Heart and neurons in the brain

Question 54

Hypertrophy on the heart is caused by the _______

Answer 54

Diastolic pressure

Question 55

1) a cell adaptation where there is a change in one cell type to another 2) epithelium is normal in appearance but in an unusual location 3) a change of epithelium

Answer 55

Metaplasia

Question 56

What is the mechanism of metaplasia

Answer 56

The epithelium normally present at a site cannot handle the new environment

Question 57

1) it is due to the reflux of acid contents into the esophagus wherein they become glandular 2) squamous epithelium to columnar cells (glandular)

Answer 57

Barrett esophagus

Question 58

1) because of nicotine in cigarette smoke 2) can lose the cilia 3) loss of mucociliary blanket 4) reversible

Answer 58

Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified to squamous)

Question 59

1) not part of cell adaptation | 2) changes have taken place to affected cells that predispose them to develop into a malignant neoplasm

Answer 59

Dysplasia

Question 60

Dysplasia can be judged on the basis of 3 changes

Answer 60

1) changes in the cell nuclei 2) changes in the ratio of nuclear area to cytoplasmic area 3) abnormalities in epithelial maturation

Question 61

It is almost always associated with SOMATIC genetic changes in affected cells that can ultimately result in the formation of malignant tumors

Answer 61

Dysplasia