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MIDTERM: HISTOPATH LEC > Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Cellular Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Decrease in oxygen supply

A

Hypoxia

Ex: anemia

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2
Q

Complete absence of oxygen

A

Ischemia

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3
Q

It has greater affinity compared to oxygen

A

Carbon monoxide

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4
Q

8 causes of cell injury

A
  • hypoxia
  • ischemia
  • physical injury
  • chemical injury
  • infectious injury
  • genetic derangement
  • nutritional imbalance
  • aging and senescence
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5
Q

Types of cell injury

A

Reversible and irreversible

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6
Q

Thickening of interstisium space in alveoli

A

Pneumonia

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7
Q

Aka “heart attack”

A

Acute myocardial infarction

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8
Q

It means complete blocked coronary artery

A

Infarct

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9
Q

1) Mild and short lived

2) Na-K ATPase

A

Reversible cell injury

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10
Q

2 hallmark of reversible cell injury

A
  • cellular swelling

* oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

Produced in mitochondria

A

ATP

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12
Q

It needs oxygen for production

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

1) caused by hydropic change

2) changed by ion concentration and water influx

A

Cellular swelling

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14
Q

Functional changes during reversible cell injury

A
  1. Reduced energy production
  2. Decreased protein synthesis
  3. Increased autophagy
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15
Q 
Swollen \_\_\_\_\_\_ generates \_\_\_\_\_\_ energy.
A. Ribosomes, more 
B. Mitochondria, less
C. Mitochondria, more
D. Ribosomes, less
A

B

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16
Q

A hallmark of reversible cell injury needed to produce ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

The product of Anaerobic glycolysis is LACTIC ACID wherein it produces _______

A

Cellular acidosis

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18
Q

1) this enzyme leaks out to the cytoplasm from lysosomes

2) can digest cellular organelles

A

Hydrolytic enzyme

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19
Q

Due to acidic pH of the cell the metabolism slows _____.
A. Up
B . Down

A

B. Down

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20
Q

Dilation and fragmentation of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum and loss of membrane can lead to the detachment of ribosome that results to ______

A

Decrease protein synthesis

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21
Q

Damaged proteins and toxic intermediate products are sequestered in autophagosomes (lysosomes) can RESULT to:

A

Increased autophagy

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22
Q

An enzyme that may leak out from over distended phagosomes into acidified cytoplasm contributing to the damage of other cellular components

A

Hydrolytic lysosomal enzyme

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23
Q

A cell injury wherein it is caused by heavy doses of toxins, anoxia, prolonged hypoxia

A

Irreversible cell injury

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24
Q

Nuclear/ultra structural changes in irreversible cell injury (3)

A

1) pyknosis
2) karyorrhexis
3) karyolysis

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25
Q

A structural change wherein there is a marked condensation of chromatin

A

Pyknosis

26
Q

A structural change wherein there is a fragmentation into smaller particles

A

Karyorrhexis

27
Q

A structural change wherein there is a dissolution of nuclear structure and LYSIS of chromatin

A

Karyolysis

28
Q

Is a reversible changes in the size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells in response to changes in their environment. May take several distinct forms.

A

Adaptations

29
Q

4 different cellular adaptation or adaptive mechanism

A

1) Atrophy
2) Hypertrophy
3) Hyperplasia
4) Metaplasia

30
Q

A cellular adaptation wherein there is a DECREASE in the size or # of cells in tissue or organ

A

Atrophy

31
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: decrease in the size of uterus after pregnancy based on ATROPHY

A

Physiologic

32
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: Due to the loss of stimulus of the organ based on ATROPHY

A

Pathologic

33
Q

T or F: Atrophy can be caused by hormones

A

True

34
Q

8 causes of Atrophy:

A
  • loss of blood supply
  • loss of innervation (dec. nerve stimulation)
  • loss of endocrine stimulus
  • disuse (ex: bone fracture)
  • nutritional deficiency (protein)
  • dec. workload (muscles)
  • mechanical compression
  • aging
35
Q

A space occupying lesion in the brain

A

Tumor

36
Q

1) dec. in muscle mass

2) common among elderly

A

Sarcopenia

37
Q

1) INCREASE in the size of the cell, organ due to enlargement of individual cells
2) no new cells, just larger cells

A

Hypertrophy

38
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: due to stressor

Ex: skeletal muscle during exercise

A

Physiologic

39
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis

A

Pathologic

40
Q

Gross: increase in organ

A

Hypertrophy

41
Q

1) INCREASE in the size of an organ due to an increase # of cells
2) response to chronic injury

A

Hyperplasia

Ex: callus or corn in tight shoes

42
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: increase in the size of the breast during puberty

A

Physiologic

43
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: increase in the thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle

A

Physiologic

44
Q

Cause of PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA

A

Hormonal and compensatory

45
Q

1) regeneration of liver tissue after donating some parts

Ex: liver donation

A

Compensatory

46
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: proliferation of endometrium due to PROLONGED estrogen stimulation

A

Pathologic

47
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: growth of adrenal gland due to ACTH by a pituitary adenoma. It represent early neoplasia

A

Pathologic

48
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: hyperplasia polyp in large intestine (endometrial hyperplasia)

A

Pathologic

49
Q

Year/s of screening need for patients who are diagnosed with Endometrial hyperplasia

A
  • Every 1 year (if they still have the disease)

* Every 3 years (already recovered)

50
Q

A Pathologic hyperplasia caused by HPV-virus

A

Warts

51
Q

1) common in 45 y/old men
2) Pathologic
3) enlargement of the prostate
4) cause obstruction of urine flow

A

BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy)

52
Q

Symptom of BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia; benign prostatic hypertrophy)

A

Urinary frequency

53
Q

Hyperplasia does not occur in the MYOCYTES of _____ and ______. Because only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia
A. Liver and stomach
B. Heart and neurons in the brain
C. Uterus and prostate

A

B. Heart and neurons in the brain

54
Q

Hypertrophy on the heart is caused by the _______

A

Diastolic pressure

55
Q

1) a cell adaptation where there is a change in one cell type to another
2) epithelium is normal in appearance but in an unusual location
3) a change of epithelium

A

Metaplasia

56
Q

What is the mechanism of metaplasia

A

The epithelium normally present at a site cannot handle the new environment

57
Q

1) it is due to the reflux of acid contents into the esophagus wherein they become glandular
2) squamous epithelium to columnar cells (glandular)

A

Barrett esophagus

58
Q

1) because of nicotine in cigarette smoke
2) can lose the cilia
3) loss of mucociliary blanket
4) reversible

A

Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified to squamous)

59
Q

1) not part of cell adaptation

2) changes have taken place to affected cells that predispose them to develop into a malignant neoplasm

A

Dysplasia

60
Q

Dysplasia can be judged on the basis of 3 changes

A

1) changes in the cell nuclei
2) changes in the ratio of nuclear area to cytoplasmic area
3) abnormalities in epithelial maturation

61
Q

It is almost always associated with SOMATIC genetic changes in affected cells that can ultimately result in the formation of malignant tumors

A

Dysplasia

MIDTERM: HISTOPATH LEC (2 decks)

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