Cell Death

Question 1

1) energy dependent process that results in the death of SINGLE, isolated cell within a tissue or an organ
2) suicide gene
3) engulfed by macrophage

Answer 1

Apoptosis

Question 2

Physiologic or Pathologic: plays an important role in the formation of many body parts (embryogenesis)

Answer 2

Physiologic

Question 3

1) a physiologic apoptosis where fetal limbs buds

Answer 3

Syndactyly (fingers)

Question 4

Lumen of esophagus and intestines is close/open due to apoptosis

Answer 4

Atresia

Question 5

1) physiologic apoptosis

2) closes the ampulla of vater

Answer 5

Biliary atresia (cause Jaundice with hepatomalegomy)

Question 6

Consequences of endogenous intracellular events or exogenous stimuli

Answer 6

Pathologic apoptosis

Question 7

3 example of Pathologic apoptosis

Answer 7

1) transplanted organ
2) viral infection
3) muscular dystrophy

Question 8

1) viral infection
2) attacks the hepatocytes
3) chronic disease
4) can also cause hepatitis D
5) hepatocarcinoma

Answer 8

Hepatitis B

Question 9

1) a Pathologic apoptosis
2) lacks protein that undergo apoptosis
3) a genetic disorder
4) affects the muscles

Answer 9

Muscular dystrophy

Question 10

Lack of apoptosis causes (2)

Answer 10

1) atresia

2) chronic lymocytic leukemia or lymphoma

Question 11

1) lymphocytes forget to die
2) can result to lymphose mic leukemia
3) its morphology is chromatin condensation and fragmentation

Answer 11

Proapoptotic of BCL2 mutation

Question 12

Results in destruction of many contiguous parenchymal cells and may involve the entire tissue organ

Answer 12

Necrosis

Question 13

Forms of necrosis (5)

Answer 13

1) coagulative necrosis
2) liquefactive necrosis
3) fat necrosis
4) dystrophic calcification
5) metastatic calcification

Question 14

1) most common form of necrosis
2) marked by rapid inactivation of cytoplasmic hydrolytic enzyme
3) affect solid organs
4) ischemia

Answer 14

Coagulative necrosis

Question 15

1) due to arterial occlusion

2) a coagulative necrosis

Answer 15

Ischemic necrosis

Question 16

Give 3 affected solid organs in coagulative necrosis

Answer 16

Heart
Liver
Kidney

Question 17

T or F: protein desaturation is prominent in coagulative necrosis

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T or F: there is HYPER eosinophilia of the cytoplasm and DECREASED basophilia of the nucleus in coagulative necrosis

Answer 18

True

Question 19

1) characterized by dissolution of soft tissues
2) occurs most often in the brain - typical of brain infract
3) associated with coagulative necrosis

Answer 19

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 20

T or F: enzymatic breakdown is NOT prominent in liquefactive necrosis

Answer 20

False. It is PROMINENT

Question 21

1) a coagulative necrosis that become liquefactive necrosis after 4-6 days

Answer 21

• Myocardial infarction

* Cerebral infract (example of a liquefactive necrosis)

Question 22

What is the microscopic morphology of a liquefactive necrosis

Answer 22

1) loss of organ cellular architecture

2) brain - presence of lipid-laden macrophage that replace the dead tissue

Question 23

2 organs affected by liquefactive necrosis

Answer 23

1) heart (high fat, low-protein content)

2) pancreas (high enzymatic content)

Question 24

1) a cheesy looking necrosis
2) associated with tuberculosis infection and other granulomatous disease processes
3) caseum = cheesy
4) a form of coagulative necrosis

Answer 24

Caseous necrosis

Question 25

A change on adipose tissue due to trauma or the release of enzyme from adjacent organ

Answer 25

Fat necrosis

Question 26

What causes fat necrosis? (2)

Answer 26

1) breakdown of lipids | 2) release of fatty acids, combine with calcium to form a chalky deposit

Question 27

Fatty acid + calcium =

Answer 27

Calcium soaps (chalky deposits)

Question 28

What form of necrosis happens when a pancreatic enzyme released into adjacent fatty tissue after a vehicular accident

Answer 28

Fat necrosis

Question 29

Is not a specific pattern of cell death, but the term is commonly used in clinical practice. It is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone necrosis (typically coagulative necrosis) involving multiple tissue planes.

Answer 29

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 30

When bacterial infection is superimposed there is more liquefactive necrosis because of the actions of degradative enzymes in the bacteria and the attracted leukocytes (giving rise to so-called).

Answer 30

Wet gangrene

Question 31

1) calcification of necrotic tissue 2) seen in atherosclerosis arteries, damaged heart valves, necrotic tumors 3) grossly: appear as yellow nodules

Answer 31

Dystrophic calcification

Question 32

1) feature of metabolic HYPERCALCEMIA 2) hyperparathyroidism 3) vit. D toxicity 4) involves kidney 5) deposition even in normal tissue

Answer 32

Metastatic calcification

Question 33

2 results of intracellular accumulation

Answer 33

1) results of damage to the cell | 2) result of an intrinsic abnormality in metabolic function

Question 34

1) exogenous pigment | 2) blacken the lung tissues and lymph nodes

Answer 34

Carbon or coal dust

Question 35

1) accumulation of coal particles in the lungs | 2) usually affects coal miners, cigarette smokers and polluted environment

Answer 35

Anthracosis

Question 36

1) form of localized, exogenous pigmentation of the skin | 2) inoculated pigments are phagocytized by dermal macrophages

Answer 36

Tattooing

Question 37

1) insoluble pigment 2) "wear-and-tear" pigment 3) product of lipid peroxidation 4) cannot cause harm in the cell 5) had undergone free radical injury 6) aging cells (old) 7) yellow-brown pigment

Answer 37

Lipofuscin pigment

Question 38

What organs affect lipofuscin pigment?

Answer 38

Heart and Liver

Question 39

What is the gross appearance of the lipofuscin pigment? (2)

Answer 39

1) brown discoloration of the organ 2) organ is atrophic * brown atrophy*

Question 40

Microscopic appearance of a lipofuscin pigment:

Answer 40

Granular yellow brown pigment surrounding the nucleus (fine)

Question 41

1) a non-hemoglobin derived 2) endogenous pigment 3) brown-black pigment 4) normal pigment

Answer 41

Melanin

Question 42

1) hemosiderin 2) hemoglobin-derived 3) golden-yellow to brown pigment 4) granular or crystalline pigment 5) iron transport protein (transferritin)

Answer 42

Iron accumulation

Question 43

Stored in association with a protein APOFERRITIN to form FERRITIN MISCELLES

Answer 43

Iron transport protein

Question 44

T or F: there is local & systemic excess of iron ferritin forms Hemosiderin granules, thus hemosiderin pigment represents.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

Systemic or local: Bruises

Answer 45

Local

Question 46

Systemic or local: hereditary hemochromatosis

Answer 46

Systemic

Question 47

Macrophage engulf the RBC debris-lysosomal

Answer 47

Lysis of RBC

Question 48

2 forms of cell death

Answer 48

* apoptosis | * necrosis