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MIDTERM: HISTOPATH LEC > Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

1) energy dependent process that results in the death of SINGLE, isolated cell within a tissue or an organ
2) suicide gene
3) engulfed by macrophage

A

Apoptosis

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2
Q

Physiologic or Pathologic: plays an important role in the formation of many body parts (embryogenesis)

A

Physiologic

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3
Q

1) a physiologic apoptosis where fetal limbs buds

A

Syndactyly (fingers)

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4
Q

Lumen of esophagus and intestines is close/open due to apoptosis

A

Atresia

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5
Q

1) physiologic apoptosis

2) closes the ampulla of vater

A

Biliary atresia (cause Jaundice with hepatomalegomy)

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6
Q

Consequences of endogenous intracellular events or exogenous stimuli

A

Pathologic apoptosis

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7
Q

3 example of Pathologic apoptosis

A

1) transplanted organ
2) viral infection
3) muscular dystrophy

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8
Q

1) viral infection
2) attacks the hepatocytes
3) chronic disease
4) can also cause hepatitis D
5) hepatocarcinoma

A

Hepatitis B

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9
Q

1) a Pathologic apoptosis
2) lacks protein that undergo apoptosis
3) a genetic disorder
4) affects the muscles

A

Muscular dystrophy

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10
Q

Lack of apoptosis causes (2)

A

1) atresia

2) chronic lymocytic leukemia or lymphoma

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11
Q

1) lymphocytes forget to die
2) can result to lymphose mic leukemia
3) its morphology is chromatin condensation and fragmentation

A

Proapoptotic of BCL2 mutation

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12
Q

Results in destruction of many contiguous parenchymal cells and may involve the entire tissue organ

A

Necrosis

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13
Q

Forms of necrosis (5)

A

1) coagulative necrosis
2) liquefactive necrosis
3) fat necrosis
4) dystrophic calcification
5) metastatic calcification

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14
Q

1) most common form of necrosis
2) marked by rapid inactivation of cytoplasmic hydrolytic enzyme
3) affect solid organs
4) ischemia

A

Coagulative necrosis

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15
Q

1) due to arterial occlusion

2) a coagulative necrosis

A

Ischemic necrosis

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16
Q

Give 3 affected solid organs in coagulative necrosis

A

Heart
Liver
Kidney

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17
Q

T or F: protein desaturation is prominent in coagulative necrosis

A

True

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18
Q

T or F: there is HYPER eosinophilia of the cytoplasm and DECREASED basophilia of the nucleus in coagulative necrosis

A

True

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19
Q

1) characterized by dissolution of soft tissues
2) occurs most often in the brain - typical of brain infract
3) associated with coagulative necrosis

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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20
Q

T or F: enzymatic breakdown is NOT prominent in liquefactive necrosis

A

False. It is PROMINENT

21
Q

1) a coagulative necrosis that become liquefactive necrosis after 4-6 days

A
  • Myocardial infarction

* Cerebral infract (example of a liquefactive necrosis)

22
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of a liquefactive necrosis

A

1) loss of organ cellular architecture

2) brain - presence of lipid-laden macrophage that replace the dead tissue

23
Q

2 organs affected by liquefactive necrosis

A

1) heart (high fat, low-protein content)

2) pancreas (high enzymatic content)

24
Q

1) a cheesy looking necrosis
2) associated with tuberculosis infection and other granulomatous disease processes
3) caseum = cheesy
4) a form of coagulative necrosis

A

Caseous necrosis

25
Q

A change on adipose tissue due to trauma or the release of enzyme from adjacent organ

A

Fat necrosis

26
Q

What causes fat necrosis? (2)

A

1) breakdown of lipids

2) release of fatty acids, combine with calcium to form a chalky deposit

27
Q

Fatty acid + calcium =

A

Calcium soaps (chalky deposits)

28
Q

What form of necrosis happens when a pancreatic enzyme released into adjacent fatty tissue after a vehicular accident

A

Fat necrosis

29
Q

Is not a specific pattern of cell death, but the term is commonly used in clinical practice. It is usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone necrosis (typically coagulative necrosis) involving multiple tissue planes.

A

Gangrenous necrosis

30
Q

When bacterial infection is superimposed there is more liquefactive necrosis because of the actions of degradative enzymes in the bacteria and the attracted leukocytes (giving rise to so-called).

A

Wet gangrene

31
Q

1) calcification of necrotic tissue
2) seen in atherosclerosis arteries, damaged heart valves, necrotic tumors
3) grossly: appear as yellow nodules

A

Dystrophic calcification

32
Q

1) feature of metabolic HYPERCALCEMIA
2) hyperparathyroidism
3) vit. D toxicity
4) involves kidney
5) deposition even in normal tissue

A

Metastatic calcification

33
Q

2 results of intracellular accumulation

A

1) results of damage to the cell

2) result of an intrinsic abnormality in metabolic function

34
Q

1) exogenous pigment

2) blacken the lung tissues and lymph nodes

A

Carbon or coal dust

35
Q

1) accumulation of coal particles in the lungs

2) usually affects coal miners, cigarette smokers and polluted environment

A

Anthracosis

36
Q

1) form of localized, exogenous pigmentation of the skin

2) inoculated pigments are phagocytized by dermal macrophages

A

Tattooing

37
Q

1) insoluble pigment
2) “wear-and-tear” pigment
3) product of lipid peroxidation
4) cannot cause harm in the cell
5) had undergone free radical injury
6) aging cells (old)
7) yellow-brown pigment

A

Lipofuscin pigment

38
Q

What organs affect lipofuscin pigment?

A

Heart and Liver

39
Q

What is the gross appearance of the lipofuscin pigment? (2)

A

1) brown discoloration of the organ
2) organ is atrophic
* brown atrophy*

40
Q

Microscopic appearance of a lipofuscin pigment:

A

Granular yellow brown pigment surrounding the nucleus (fine)

41
Q

1) a non-hemoglobin derived
2) endogenous pigment
3) brown-black pigment
4) normal pigment

A

Melanin

42
Q

1) hemosiderin
2) hemoglobin-derived
3) golden-yellow to brown pigment
4) granular or crystalline pigment
5) iron transport protein (transferritin)

A

Iron accumulation

43
Q

Stored in association with a protein APOFERRITIN to form FERRITIN MISCELLES

A

Iron transport protein

44
Q

T or F: there is local & systemic excess of iron ferritin forms Hemosiderin granules, thus hemosiderin pigment represents.

A

True

45
Q

Systemic or local: Bruises

A

Local

46
Q

Systemic or local: hereditary hemochromatosis

A

Systemic

47
Q

Macrophage engulf the RBC debris-lysosomal

A

Lysis of RBC

48
Q

2 forms of cell death

A
  • apoptosis

* necrosis

MIDTERM: HISTOPATH LEC (2 decks)

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