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Biology > Cellular Functions > Flashcards

Cellular Functions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cell membranes composed of?

A

Lipids and proteins

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2
Q

Three major types of proteins

A

Fibrous proteins, Globular proteins(Integral proteins, Peripheral proteins)

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3
Q

Some lipid-soluble substances that can pass through the membrane easily

A

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Steriods

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4
Q

Some water-soluble substances that cannot pass through the cell membrane. How do these substances enter and/or leave the cell?

A

Water, Glucose, Amino acids, Ions. These substances enter the cell with the help of various proteins in the cell membrane.

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5
Q

How are fibrous proteins arranged in the membrane? What is the one main role of fibrous proteins?

A

The fibrous proteins may span the entire membrane and serve as receptors for the cell.

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6
Q

How does water pass through the membrane?

A

One type of globular protein forms ‘pores’ for water molecules to pass through.

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7
Q

What is a glycoprotein? What is the role of a glycoprotein?

A

Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrates associations that identify the cell.

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8
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the membrane?

A

It helps make the membrane-impermeable to water-soluble substances. It also stabilizes the membrane.

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9
Q

Transport that requires energy

A

Active transport

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10
Q

Solution has a greater concentration of molecules

A

Hypertonic

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11
Q

Type of transport that does not require energy

A

Passive transport

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12
Q

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

A difference in concentration

A

Gradient

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14
Q

Let some things through; selectively_______

A

permeable

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15
Q

Solution has a lesser concentration of molecules

A

Hypotonic

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16
Q

Helps move material across membrane

A

Channel protein

17
Q

A major component of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid

18
Q

Prefix that means inside

A

“Endo”

19
Q

Prefix that means outside

A

“Exo”

20
Q

Diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

21
Q

When molecules are evenly spread out

A

Equilibrium

22
Q

Why are cell so small

A

For cells to survive they need to be able to exchange materials with their environment. The rate of material exchange depends on the cells surface area in comparison to its volume. The smaller the cell, the higher the surface area to volume ratio.

23
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport along the concentration, gradient from high to low. Doesn’t require energy to move substances.

24
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport against the concentration, gradient from low to high. Requires cellular energy(ATP).

25
Q

What are the three main types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion: movement of small molecules (e.g.- oxygen, carbon dioxide)
Osmosis: movement of water molecules
Facilitated diffusion: movement of large or charged molecules via the proteins.

26
Q

What are the main types of active transport

A

Endocytosis: Moves molecules IN to the cell
Exocytosis: Exports molecules OUT of the cell

27
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell. Contains all the cell instructions and genetic information in DNA. Has a nucleolus inside.

28
Q

Cell membrane

A

Provides protection for a cell. Transports nutrients and other substances into and out of the cell.

29
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Thick solution that fills the cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. Most of the important activities occur in the cytoplasm.

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

The organelle that generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell.

31
Q

Ribosome

A

Composed of RNA and creates proteins that the cell needs.

32
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth&rough)

A

Channels that transport substances within the cell.

33
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell.

34
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains enzymes. They may be used to destroy viruses and bacteria.

35
Q

Vacuole

A

Structure within cells (mainly plant cells) filled with fluid. In plant, cells vacuoles help maintain water balance.

36
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. It converts the sun’s ray into energy that the cell can use.

37
Q

Cell wall

A

Semi-rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane in cells of plants, algae and bacteria. Protects the cell from injury. It maintains the shape of the cell.

38
Q

Organelles found in animal cells

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth&rough), ribosomes, mitochondria.

39
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells don’t have?

A

Large central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

Biology (3 decks)

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