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Dental Admissions Test > Cellular Energy > Flashcards

Cellular Energy Flashcards

1
Q

processes that break large macromolecules into smaller pieces, and usually release energy in the form of energy in the form of ATP

A

catabolic

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2
Q

processes that extract energy from ATP and use it to build larger, more complex macromolecules

A

anabolic

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3
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

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4
Q

energy that deals with motion

A

kinetic

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5
Q

energy that is related to an object’s position

A

potential

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6
Q

a unique type of potential energy, where the chemical bonds serve as a store of internal energy (U)

A

chemical energy

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7
Q

energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only go from one form to another

A

1st law of thermodynamics

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8
Q

energy cannot be creased or destroyed, but it can change into

A

less useful forms of energy

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9
Q

most common form of “non-useful” energy release

A

heat

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10
Q

head released by converting one type of energy into another goes toward increasing the __ of the universe

A

entropy

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11
Q

degree of randomness or disorder

A

entropy (S)

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12
Q

humans use metabolism to become more __, while their surroundings become more __

A

organized

disorganized

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13
Q

measures a system’s useful, work performing energy

A

Gibbs free energy (G)

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14
Q

__ describes a system’s energy as it progresses from an initial to final state

A

free energy change (∆G)

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15
Q

energy associated with molecular bond energies

A

enthalpy (H)

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16
Q

change in enthalpy (∆H) is the __ between the initial and final states of a reaction

A

bond energy difference

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17
Q

a negative ∆H means that heat is __, while positive ∆H implies that heat is __

A

released

absorbed

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18
Q

the difference in chaos between the initial and final states of a reaction

A

∆S

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19
Q

a __ ∆S means that the system becomes more disordered

A

positive

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20
Q

a __ ∆S means that the system becomes less disordered

A

negative

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21
Q

catabolic reactions release free energy (__), so they are an example of __ reactions

A

-∆G

exergonic

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22
Q

reactants contain more internal energy than the products in __ reactions

A

exergonic

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23
Q

exergonic reactions mean that free energy is __ the system

A

exiting

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24
Q

exergonic reactions are __

A

spontaneous

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25
Q

anabolic reactions absorb free energy (__), so they are an example of __ reactions

A

+∆G

endergonic

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26
Q

reactants contain less internal energy than the products in __ reactions

A

endergonic

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27
Q

endergonic reactions are __

A

non-spontaneous

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28
Q

a system with a high Gibbs free energy is considered __ stable

A

less

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29
Q

a system with a low Gibbs free energy is considered __ stable

A

more

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30
Q

ATP is an __ nucleoside triphosphate

A

RNA

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31
Q

ATP has 3 phosphates covalently linked to a __ sugar, which also connects to an __ nitrogenous base

A

ribose

adenine

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32
Q

the bonds found between phosphate groups

A

phosphoanhydride bonds

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33
Q

ATP molecules are __ because the 3 phosphate groups are all negatively charged and repel each other

A

unstable

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34
Q

cellular energy currency

A

ATP

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35
Q

ATP –> ADP + Pi is a __ reaction

A

hydrolysis

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36
Q

ATP hydrolysis reactions release free energy, making them __ and __

A

spontaneous

exergonic

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37
Q

ADP + Pi is a __ reaction

A

condensation

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38
Q

condensation reactions absorb __, making them endergonic and non-spontaneous

A

free energy

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39
Q

ATP provides energy for all cells by transferring __ from ATP to another molecule

A

phosphate

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40
Q

linking unfavorable reactions with favorable ones, as long as the net ∆G for the two reactions is negative

A

reaction coupling

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41
Q

reaction coupling links __ reactions with __ ones

A

unfavorable

favorable

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42
Q

organelle that makes many ATP molecules through cellular respiration

A

mitochondrion

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43
Q

where are mitochondria found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

floating in the cytosol

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44
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

2

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45
Q

the inner mitochondrial membrane has many indentations called __ that increase the surface area

A

cristae

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46
Q

the acidic region between the outer and inner membranes

A

intermembrane space

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47
Q

the area deep inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

myocytes have a high energy requirement, so there are many __ in them

A

mitochondria

49
Q

myocytes

A

muscle cells

50
Q

erythrocytes function to carry as much oxygen as possible, so they don’t contain any __

A

mitochondria

51
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

52
Q

the mitochondrial matrix contains its own circular __ and __

A

DNA

ribosomes

53
Q

the __ says that the aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, while the photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts

A

endosymbiotic theory

54
Q

aerobic cellular respiration is a sizable __ pathway that requires __

A

catabolic

oxygen

55
Q

4 components of aerobic cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
pyruvate manipulations
citric acid cycle
oxidative phophorylation

56
Q

4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break __ into carbon dioxide and water, with the generation of __

A

glucose

ATP

57
Q

aerobic cellular respiration breaks glucose into __ and __

A

carbon dioxide

water

58
Q

overall chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

59
Q

is aerobic cellular respiration overall endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

60
Q

is aerobic CR overall oxidative or reductive?

A

oxidative

61
Q

__ converts a 6-C glucose molecule into 2 3-C pyruvate compounds

A

glycolysis

62
Q

glycolysis does not depend on __

A

oxygen

63
Q

decomposition of glucose into pyruvate in the cytosol

A

glycolysis

64
Q

NAD+/NADH is a __

A

coenzyme (organic cofactor)

65
Q

glycolysis extracts e- as glucose is broken down, using them to __ NAD+ into NADH, which travels to the __

A

reduce

ETC

66
Q

glycolysis has 2 main phases, an __ phase and an __ phase

A

energy investment

energy payoff

67
Q

steps __ are the energy investment phase of glycolysis

A

1-5

68
Q

step __ are the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

6-10

69
Q

ATP is “spent” at which steps of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

1 and 3

70
Q

2 NADH results from step __ of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

6

71
Q

ATP is produced from steps __ in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

7 and 10

72
Q

__ of the investment phase of glycolysis uses hexokinase and the free energy released from 1 ATP hydrolysis to “trap” glucose in the cell as __

A

step 1

glucose-6-phosphate

73
Q

step 2 of the investment phase of glycolysis uses isomerase to make __ from glucose-6-phosphate

A

fructose-6-phosphate

74
Q

step 3 of the investment phase of glycolysis uses __ and the free energy released from __ to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

phophofructokinase

1 ATP hydrolysis

75
Q

which molecule breaks down into 2 G3P molecules, allowing for the production of 2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 pyruvate through the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

fructose-1,6,-bisphospate

76
Q

both step 6s of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis oxidize __ and reduce __

A

G3P

NAD+ to NADH

77
Q

__ uses ADP as a direct substrate for its phosphorylation into ATP

A

substrate-level phophorylation

78
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly in the __ during steps __ of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis

A

cytosol

7 and 10

79
Q

enzyme which phosphorylates a molecule; responsible for the ADP phosphorylations at steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis

A

kinase

80
Q

both step 7s of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis use a kinase to make

A

2 ATP

81
Q

both step 10s of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis use a kinase to make __ and __

A

2 ATP

2 pyruvate

82
Q

the energy payoff phase produces __ ATP, __ NADH, and __ pyruvate

A

4
2
2

83
Q

net products of glycolysis from 1 glucose

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

84
Q

if glycolysis makes 4 ATP, why does it only produce a net of 2 ATP

A

need to account for energy investment at steps 1 and 3

85
Q

what goes into glycolysis

A

1 glucose

2 ATP

86
Q

which group of 3 reactions link glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration?

A

the pyruvate manipulation reactions

87
Q

where do the pyruvate manipulation reactions occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

88
Q

pyruvate manipulations occur in the __ for prokaryotes

A

cytosol

89
Q

3 reactions of the pyruvate manipulations

A
  1. decarboxylation
  2. oxidation
  3. add CoA
90
Q

catalyst for pyruvate manipulation reactions

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) enzyme

91
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is composed of __ enzymes, 1 for each pyruvate manipulation

A

3

92
Q

during pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvate releases a carbon atom as __

A

CO2

93
Q

during pyruvate oxidation, the decarboxylation product is converted to a 2 carbon

A

acetyl group

94
Q

pyruvate oxidation is accompanied by the reduction of __ to __

A

NAD+

NADH

95
Q

pyruvate oxidation indirectly depends on __

A

oxygen

96
Q

__ adds to the acetyl group made by pyruvate oxidation to create __

A

CoA

acetyl-CoA

97
Q

net products of pyruvate manipulations from 1 glucose

A

2 CO2
2 NADH
2 acetyl-CoA

98
Q

where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

99
Q

in prokaryotes, the Krebs cycle takes place in the __

A

cytoplasm

100
Q

the Krebs cycle has __ intermediates and a total of __ steps

A

7

8

101
Q

the acetyl-CoA from the pyruvate manipulations merges with __ to form citrate

A

oxaloacetate

102
Q

the acetyl-CoA from the pyruvate manipulations merges with oxaloacetate to form __

A

citrate

103
Q

__ molecules are __ by the Krebs cycle for every 1 glucose

A

2 acetyl-CoA

oxidized

104
Q

__ cycles of the Krebs cycle occur per glucose

A

2

105
Q

net production of 1 Krebs cycle

A

2CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 GTP (ATP)

106
Q

__ encompasses 2 linked components - the ETC and chemiosmosis

A

oxidative phosphorylation

107
Q

the mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the formo f a H+ concentration gradient across a membrane

A

chemiosmosis

108
Q

the ETC is in the __ of eukaryotes

A

mitochondrial inner membrane/ cristae

109
Q

the ETC is in the __ of prokaryotes

A

cell membrane

110
Q

e- release energy through the ET, which goes toward

A

H+ pumping

111
Q

the ETC couples the __ flow of e- with the __ pumping of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

exergonic

endergonic

112
Q

which ETC proteins act as H+ pumps?

A

complex-I, III, and IV

113
Q

H+ pumping forms an __ across the inner membrane

A

electrochemical gradient

114
Q

the __ of the mitochondrion is acidic due to the electrochemical gradient from H+ pumping

A

intermembrane space

115
Q

physical properties of CoQ/ubiquinone

A

hydrophobic carrier that is dissolved in the mitochondrial inner-membrane

Dental Admissions Test (3 decks)

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