Cellular Energy Flashcards
1
Q
processes that break large macromolecules into smaller pieces, and usually release energy in the form of energy in the form of ATP
A
catabolic
2
Q
processes that extract energy from ATP and use it to build larger, more complex macromolecules
A
anabolic
3
Q
the ability to do work
A
energy
4
Q
energy that deals with motion
A
kinetic
5
Q
energy that is related to an object’s position
A
potential
6
Q
a unique type of potential energy, where the chemical bonds serve as a store of internal energy (U)
A
chemical energy
7
Q
energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only go from one form to another
A
1st law of thermodynamics
8
Q
energy cannot be creased or destroyed, but it can change into
A
less useful forms of energy
9
Q
most common form of “non-useful” energy release
A
heat
10
Q
head released by converting one type of energy into another goes toward increasing the __ of the universe
A
entropy
11
Q
degree of randomness or disorder
A
entropy (S)
12
Q
humans use metabolism to become more __, while their surroundings become more __
A
organized
disorganized
13
Q
measures a system’s useful, work performing energy
A
Gibbs free energy (G)
14
Q
__ describes a system’s energy as it progresses from an initial to final state
A
free energy change (∆G)
15
Q
energy associated with molecular bond energies
A
enthalpy (H)
16
Q
change in enthalpy (∆H) is the __ between the initial and final states of a reaction
A
bond energy difference
17
Q
a negative ∆H means that heat is __, while positive ∆H implies that heat is __
A
released
absorbed
18
Q
the difference in chaos between the initial and final states of a reaction
A
∆S
19
Q
a __ ∆S means that the system becomes more disordered
A
positive
20
Q
a __ ∆S means that the system becomes less disordered
A
negative
21
Q
catabolic reactions release free energy (__), so they are an example of __ reactions
A
-∆G
exergonic
22
Q
reactants contain more internal energy than the products in __ reactions
A
exergonic
23
Q
exergonic reactions mean that free energy is __ the system
A
exiting
24
Q
exergonic reactions are __
A
spontaneous
25
anabolic reactions absorb free energy (__), so they are an example of __ reactions
+∆G
| endergonic
26
reactants contain less internal energy than the products in __ reactions
endergonic
27
endergonic reactions are __
non-spontaneous
28
a system with a high Gibbs free energy is considered __ stable
less
29
a system with a low Gibbs free energy is considered __ stable
more
30
ATP is an __ nucleoside triphosphate
RNA
31
ATP has 3 phosphates covalently linked to a __ sugar, which also connects to an __ nitrogenous base
ribose
| adenine
32
the bonds found between phosphate groups
phosphoanhydride bonds
33
ATP molecules are __ because the 3 phosphate groups are all negatively charged and repel each other
unstable
34
cellular energy currency
ATP
35
ATP --> ADP + Pi is a __ reaction
hydrolysis
36
ATP hydrolysis reactions release free energy, making them __ and __
spontaneous
| exergonic
37
ADP + Pi is a __ reaction
condensation
38
condensation reactions absorb __, making them endergonic and non-spontaneous
free energy
39
ATP provides energy for all cells by transferring __ from ATP to another molecule
phosphate
40
linking unfavorable reactions with favorable ones, as long as the net ∆G for the two reactions is negative
reaction coupling
41
reaction coupling links __ reactions with __ ones
unfavorable
| favorable
42
organelle that makes many ATP molecules through cellular respiration
mitochondrion
43
where are mitochondria found in a eukaryotic cell?
floating in the cytosol
44
how many membranes do mitochondria have?
2
45
the inner mitochondrial membrane has many indentations called __ that increase the surface area
cristae
46
the acidic region between the outer and inner membranes
intermembrane space
47
the area deep inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria
mitochondrial matrix
48
myocytes have a high energy requirement, so there are many __ in them
mitochondria
49
myocytes
muscle cells
50
erythrocytes function to carry as much oxygen as possible, so they don't contain any __
mitochondria
51
erythrocytes
red blood cells
52
the mitochondrial matrix contains its own circular __ and __
DNA
| ribosomes
53
the __ says that the aerobic bacteria became mitochondria, while the photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts
endosymbiotic theory
54
aerobic cellular respiration is a sizable __ pathway that requires __
catabolic
| oxygen
55
4 components of aerobic cellular respiration
glycolysis
pyruvate manipulations
citric acid cycle
oxidative phophorylation
56
4 pathways of aerobic cellular respiration work to break __ into carbon dioxide and water, with the generation of __
glucose
| ATP
57
aerobic cellular respiration breaks glucose into __ and __
carbon dioxide
| water
58
overall chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
59
is aerobic cellular respiration overall endergonic or exergonic?
exergonic
60
is aerobic CR overall oxidative or reductive?
oxidative
61
__ converts a 6-C glucose molecule into 2 3-C pyruvate compounds
glycolysis
62
glycolysis does not depend on __
oxygen
63
decomposition of glucose into pyruvate in the cytosol
glycolysis
64
NAD+/NADH is a __
coenzyme (organic cofactor)
65
glycolysis extracts e- as glucose is broken down, using them to __ NAD+ into NADH, which travels to the __
reduce
| ETC
66
glycolysis has 2 main phases, an __ phase and an __ phase
energy investment
| energy payoff
67
steps __ are the energy investment phase of glycolysis
1-5
68
step __ are the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
6-10
69
ATP is "spent" at which steps of the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
1 and 3
70
2 NADH results from step __ of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
6
71
ATP is produced from steps __ in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
7 and 10
72
__ of the investment phase of glycolysis uses hexokinase and the free energy released from 1 ATP hydrolysis to "trap" glucose in the cell as __
step 1
| glucose-6-phosphate
73
step 2 of the investment phase of glycolysis uses isomerase to make __ from glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
74
step 3 of the investment phase of glycolysis uses __ and the free energy released from __ to make fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
phophofructokinase
| 1 ATP hydrolysis
75
which molecule breaks down into 2 G3P molecules, allowing for the production of 2 NADH, 4 ATP, and 2 pyruvate through the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
fructose-1,6,-bisphospate
76
both step 6s of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis oxidize __ and reduce __
G3P
| NAD+ to NADH
77
__ uses ADP as a direct substrate for its phosphorylation into ATP
substrate-level phophorylation
78
substrate-level phosphorylation occurs directly in the __ during steps __ of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis
cytosol
| 7 and 10
79
enzyme which phosphorylates a molecule; responsible for the ADP phosphorylations at steps 7 and 10 of glycolysis
kinase
80
both step 7s of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis use a kinase to make
2 ATP
81
both step 10s of the energy payoff phase of glycolysis use a kinase to make __ and __
2 ATP
| 2 pyruvate
82
the energy payoff phase produces __ ATP, __ NADH, and __ pyruvate
4
2
2
83
net products of glycolysis from 1 glucose
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate
84
if glycolysis makes 4 ATP, why does it only produce a net of 2 ATP
need to account for energy investment at steps 1 and 3
85
what goes into glycolysis
1 glucose
| 2 ATP
86
which group of 3 reactions link glycolysis to the rest of cellular respiration?
the pyruvate manipulation reactions
87
where do the pyruvate manipulation reactions occur?
mitochondrial matrix
88
pyruvate manipulations occur in the __ for prokaryotes
cytosol
89
3 reactions of the pyruvate manipulations
1. decarboxylation
2. oxidation
3. add CoA
90
catalyst for pyruvate manipulation reactions
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) enzyme
91
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is composed of __ enzymes, 1 for each pyruvate manipulation
3
92
during pyruvate decarboxylation, pyruvate releases a carbon atom as __
CO2
93
during pyruvate oxidation, the decarboxylation product is converted to a 2 carbon
acetyl group
94
pyruvate oxidation is accompanied by the reduction of __ to __
NAD+
| NADH
95
pyruvate oxidation indirectly depends on __
oxygen
96
__ adds to the acetyl group made by pyruvate oxidation to create __
CoA
| acetyl-CoA
97
net products of pyruvate manipulations from 1 glucose
2 CO2
2 NADH
2 acetyl-CoA
98
where does the Krebs cycle take place
mitochondrial matrix
99
in prokaryotes, the Krebs cycle takes place in the __
cytoplasm
100
the Krebs cycle has __ intermediates and a total of __ steps
7
| 8
101
the acetyl-CoA from the pyruvate manipulations merges with __ to form citrate
oxaloacetate
102
the acetyl-CoA from the pyruvate manipulations merges with oxaloacetate to form __
citrate
103
__ molecules are __ by the Krebs cycle for every 1 glucose
2 acetyl-CoA
| oxidized
104
__ cycles of the Krebs cycle occur per glucose
2
105
net production of 1 Krebs cycle
2CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
2 GTP (ATP)
106
__ encompasses 2 linked components - the ETC and chemiosmosis
oxidative phosphorylation
107
the mechanism of ATP generation that occurs when energy is stored in the formo f a H+ concentration gradient across a membrane
chemiosmosis
108
the ETC is in the __ of eukaryotes
mitochondrial inner membrane/ cristae
109
the ETC is in the __ of prokaryotes
cell membrane
110
e- release energy through the ET, which goes toward
H+ pumping
111
the ETC couples the __ flow of e- with the __ pumping of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane
exergonic
| endergonic
112
which ETC proteins act as H+ pumps?
complex-I, III, and IV
113
H+ pumping forms an __ across the inner membrane
electrochemical gradient
114
the __ of the mitochondrion is acidic due to the electrochemical gradient from H+ pumping
intermembrane space
115
physical properties of CoQ/ubiquinone
hydrophobic carrier that is dissolved in the mitochondrial inner-membrane
