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Dental Admissions Test > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

3 main components of cell membrane

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins

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2
Q

2 types of membrane proteins

A

integral

peripheral

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3
Q

proteins embedded in the core of the plasma membrane

A

integral

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4
Q

many integral proteins are __ proteins, meaning they extend all the way through the membrane

A

transmembrane

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5
Q

integral/transmembrane proteins may function in cell __, but most tend to transport __ molecules across the cell membrane

A

signalling

large, polar

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6
Q

membrane proteins that do not extend through the entire bilayer

A

peripheral

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7
Q

3 common types of peripheral membrane proteins

A

receptors
adhesion proteins
recognition proteins

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8
Q

recognition proteins are also known as __

A

glycoproteins

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9
Q

common example of a recognition peripheral protein

A

major-histocompatibility complexes (MHC molecules)

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10
Q

3 main factor that affect membrane fluidity

A

temperature
cholesterol
degree of phospholipid tail unsaturation

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11
Q

__ particles can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion

A

small, uncharged, non-polar

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12
Q

simple diffusion is the flow of substances __ their concentration gradient in a __ consuming process

A

down

non-energy

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13
Q

__ does not utilize proteins to help particles across the membrane

A

simple diffusion

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14
Q

osmosis is a type of __

A

simple diffusion

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15
Q

__ molecules cannot travel directly across the bilayer

A

large, hydrophilic

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16
Q

how large, hydrophilic molecules travel across the bilayer by transmembrane proteins

A

facilitated transport

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17
Q

3 main types of facilitated transport

A

uniport
symport
antiport

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18
Q

__ move 1 molecule in 1 direction

A

uniporters

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19
Q

__ move 2 molecules in the same (1) direction

A

symporters

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20
Q

__ move 2 molecules in opposite (2) directions

A

antiporters

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21
Q

2 classes of transmembrane proteins involved with facilitated transport

A

channel

carrier

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22
Q

__ proteins face the extracellular and intracellular environments of the cell at the same time

A

channel

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23
Q

channel proteins are like tunnels for many __

A

small, polar molecules and ions

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24
Q

__ diffusion describes a type of facilitated transport of particles down their concentration gradient through a __ protein

A

passive

channel

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25
Q

porins and ion channels are common examples of __ diffusion

A

passive

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26
Q

change their shape to facilitate the movement of molecules through the protein

A

carrier proteins

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27
Q

occurs when particles travel against their concentration gradient, which requires an energy input

A

active transport

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28
Q

active transport tends to rely upon __ proteins

A

carrier

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29
Q

2 types of active transport

A

primary

secondary

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30
Q

type of active transport that uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis

A

primary

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31
Q

Na+/K+ pump is a form of __ active transport

A

primary

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32
Q

Na+/K+ pump moves __ out of the cell and __ into the cell with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP

A

3 Na+

2 K+

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33
Q

secondary active transport depends on __ to generate free energy in the form of a concentration gradient

A

primary active transport

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34
Q

type of active transport that uses free energy to pump other molecules against their concentration gradient

A

secondary

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35
Q

bulk transport of large, polar molecules

A

cytosis

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36
Q

2 directions of cytosis

A

endocytosis into cell

exocytosis out of cell

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37
Q

type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs undissolved materials

A

phagocytosis

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38
Q

during phagocytosis, the cell membrane will project __ to wrap around the sold

A

outward

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39
Q

phagocytosis forms __

A

vacuoles (phagosomes)

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40
Q

type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs dissolved materials

A

pinocytosis

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41
Q

during pinocytosis, the cell membrane will __ around the liquid

A

invaginate

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42
Q

pinocytosis forms __

A

vesicles

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43
Q

certain non-steroidal hormones target cells via which pinocytosis mechanism?

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

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44
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis forms __

A

vesicles

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45
Q

organelles are enclosed by a __

A

phospholipid bilayer

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46
Q

membrane-bound organelles are predominantly associated with which cell type?

A

eukaryotes

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47
Q

aqueous intracellular fluid

A

cytosol

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48
Q

everything within the cell (fluid and organelles)

A

cytoplasm

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49
Q

membrane-enclosed organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell’s genetic material

A

nucleus

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50
Q

nucleus contains an aqueous __

A

nucleoplasm

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51
Q

inner and outer membrane of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope

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52
Q

space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes

A

perinuclear space

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53
Q

dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear lamina

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54
Q

the nuclear lamina is made of __

A

intermediate filaments

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55
Q

functions of nuclear lamina

A

structural support to nucleus

regulates DNA organization, DNA replication, and cell division

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56
Q

holes in nuclear envelope

A

nuclear pores

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57
Q

dense region in nucleus associated with ribosomal subunit assembly

A

nucleolus

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58
Q

is the nucleolus an organelle

A

no - not membrane bound

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59
Q

ribosomal subunits contain __ and __

A

rRNA

proteins

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60
Q

eukaryotic __ are made in the nucleus and assembled in the cytosol

A

ribosomal subunits

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61
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

synthesize proteins

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62
Q

structure of a eukaryotic ribosome

A

60S + 40S = 80S

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63
Q

structure of a prokaryotic ribosome

A

50S + 30S = 70S

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64
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

freely in cytosol or attached to the rough ER

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65
Q

__ ribosomes tend to make proteins that function within the cytosol of the cell

A

free

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66
Q

ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins __

A

into the rough ER lumen

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67
Q

the rough ER is continuous with the __, which means the ER lumen is continuous with the __

A

outer nuclear membrane

perinuclear space

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68
Q

what happens to proteins inside the rough ER

A

they are manipulated

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69
Q

what is a common manipulation for proteins in the rough ER

A

glycosylation to make glycoproteins

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70
Q

2 fates of proteins that enter the lumen of the rough ER

A

become part of the cell membrane

exocytosis

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71
Q

synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export

A

smooth ER

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72
Q

function of smooth ER in liver

A

breaks down toxins and drugs

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73
Q

smooth ER of muscle cells that stores and releases Ca2+ ions

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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74
Q

the __ ER is not covered by ribosomes

A

smooth

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75
Q

the smooth ER is usually not attached to the __

A

outer nuclear membrane

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76
Q

ERs send vesicles to the __

A

cis-face of the the Golgi

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77
Q

vesicles travel from the __ to the __ of the Golgi, and the vesicle contents are manipulated along the way

A

cis-face

trans-face

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78
Q

main function of the Golgi

A

direct molecules to their correct locations

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79
Q

organelles that break down nutrients/bacteria/cell debris

A

lysosomes

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80
Q

lysosomes receive vesicles containing digestive enzymes from the __

A

Golgi

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81
Q

lysosomes have a __ pH, so their enzymes can only function inside them

A

low (5)

cytosol pH = 7

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82
Q

intracellular breakdown of unneeded/defective cellular components

A

autophagy

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83
Q

lysosomes function in __ when they release their contents into the cell

A

apoptosis

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84
Q

which cells have vacuoles?

A

all plants and fungi

some animal, protist, bacteria

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85
Q

types of vacuoules

A 
transport
food
central
storage
contractile
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86
Q

__ vacuoles move materials from organelle to organelle or from organelles to the plasma membrane

A

transport

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87
Q

__ vacuoles are temporary food holders that eventually merge with lysosomes for digestion

A

food

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88
Q

central vacuoles have a __ and exert __ when filled to maintain plant cell rigidity

A

tonoplast

turgor

89
Q

__ vacuoles (in plants) act similarly to lysosomes and storage vacuoles

A

central

90
Q

__ vacuoles tend to store starches, pigments, and toxic substances

A

storage

91
Q

__ vacuoles collect and pump excess water out of single-celled organisms

A

contractile

92
Q

contractile vacuoles prevent __ in __ environments

A

lysis

hypotonic

93
Q

contractile vacuoles use __ transport

A

active

94
Q

group of organelles/membranes that work together to modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering/exiting a cell

A

endomembrane system

95
Q

components of the endomembrane system

A 
nucleus/nuclear envelope
rough and smooth ERs
Golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
cell membrane
96
Q

break down fatty acids and some amino acids; also involved with detoxification

A

peroxisomes

97
Q

alcohol detoxification occurs in the __ of liver cells

A

peroxisomes

98
Q

are peroxisomes part of the endomembrane system?

A

no

99
Q

peroxisomes __ vesicles from the Golgi apparatus

A

do not receive

100
Q

peroxisomes generate __, which can produce dangerous reactive oxygen species

A

hydrogen peroxide

101
Q

reactive oxygen species can create __

A

free radicals

102
Q

peroxisomes contain an enzyme called __, which converts dangerous H2O2 radicals into harmless water

A

catalase

103
Q

in plant cells, __ modify the by-products of photorespiration

A

peroxisomes

104
Q

specialized peroxisomes that provide energy for a developing plant embryo

A

glyoxysomes

105
Q

__ make ATP in all eukaryotes

A

mitochondria

106
Q

__ carry out PSS in select eukaryotes

A

chloroplasts

107
Q

the centrosome is an organelle found near the __ of animal cells

A

nucleus

108
Q

a centrosome contains a pair of __, which work together to serve as __ during cell division in animal cells

A

centrioles

microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

109
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

aids in cell structure, function, and movement in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

110
Q

the cytoskeleton is found within the __ of prokaryotes/eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm

111
Q

3 components of eukaryotic cytoskeletons

A 
actin filaments (microfilaments)
intermediate filaments
microtubules
112
Q

__ have the smallest diameter of the 3 cytoskeletal components

A

microfilaments

113
Q

microfilaments are made of a __ of two actin filaments

A

double helix

114
Q

actin monomers of a microfilament have __, so the microfilaments do too

A

directionality

115
Q

actin can undergo rapid __, which makes microfilaments useful for cell movement

A

assembly/disassembly

116
Q

examples of cellular processes that rely on microfilaments

A

amoeboid movement
cyclosis
cleavage furrow formation
muscle contraction

117
Q

__ filaments provide cytoskeletal support for maintaining cell shape, and they are also found in the nuclear lamina

A

intermediate

118
Q

example of common intermediate filament

A

keratin

119
Q

keratin is concentrated in __

A

skin, hair, nails

120
Q

intermediate filaments do not undergo __, so they are longer lasting

A

rapid assembly/disassembly

121
Q

microtubules are a hollow tube, where the walls of the tube are a helical polymer of __

A

tubulin protein dimers

122
Q

MTs are similar to microfilaments in the sense that they can grow and shrink __

A

rapidly

123
Q

__ have directionality, so microtubules do too

A

tubulin dimers

124
Q

main functions of microtubules

A

structural support
cell division
cilia/flagella

125
Q

MTOCs are in __ cells

A

eukaryotic

126
Q

what do MTOCs develop that is crucial to cell division?

A

spindle apparatus

127
Q

the spindle apparatus guides chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during __

A

karyokinesis

128
Q

karyokinesis

A

nuclear division

129
Q

3 main types of spindle apparatus microtubules

A

kinetochore
polar
astral

130
Q

__ attach to a chromosome’s kinetochore

A

kinetochore microtubules

131
Q

__ microtubules connect to push the MTOC to opposite ends of the cell during division

A

polar

132
Q

__ microtubules extend to the cell membrane and are involved with spindle apparatus orientation

A

astral

133
Q

a centrosome is a type of MTOC in __ cells

A

animal

134
Q

fungi and most plant cells do not contain a __ as their MTOC

A

centrosome

135
Q

specialized cylinders of microtubules that inhabit the centrosome

A

centrioles

136
Q

each centrosome has a mother and daughter centriole, oriented at a __

A

90 degree angle

137
Q

each centriole is a hollow cylinder made of

A

9 triplets of microtubules

138
Q

there is usually __ centrosome in a non-dividing cell

A

1

139
Q

the centrosome will replicate during __ to prepare for cell division

A

S phase of interphase

140
Q

the __ can form a basal body by attaching to the cell membrane

A

mother centriole

141
Q

basal bodies are found at the base of each __

A

flagellum and cilium

142
Q

basal bodies have a similar structure to centrioles, so they have a __ array

A

9x3

143
Q

cilia and flagella have a different microtubule structure than basal bodies; they have a __ array

A

9x2

144
Q

protein building block of prokaryotic flagella

A

flagellin

145
Q

__ of a centrosome is a matrix of proteins that surround centrioles

A

pericentriolar material

146
Q

the pericentriolar material is involved with __ and __ to the centrosome

A

microtubule nucleation

securing microtubules

147
Q

the process where tubulin dimers come together to form a microtubule

A

microtubule nucleation

148
Q

__ determine the placement of the nucleus and organelles

A

centrioles

149
Q

function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

provides mechanical support in the area between adjacent animal cells

150
Q

class of glycoproteins that exist in the ECM between animal cells

A

proteoglycans

151
Q

the most common fibrous structural protein in the ECM is a protein called __

A

collagen

152
Q

animal cells called __ will glycosylate collagen before secreting it

A

fibroblasts

153
Q

glycosylated collagen will form long woven fibers called __, a major component of the ECM

A

collagen fibrils

154
Q

which transmembrane protein connects the ECM to cells?

A

integrins

155
Q

integrins interact with the ECM to signal for __

A

growth
division
differentiation
apoptosis

156
Q

protein that connects integrins to the network of proteoglycans and collagen in the ECM

A

fibronectin

157
Q

fibronectin connections help in the transduction of signals from __

A

the ECM to integrins

158
Q

protein that behaves similarly to fibronectin; found in the basement membrane, which integrins attach to

A

laminin

159
Q

unique carbohydrate-based structures that lie above the cell membrane in certain types of cells that do not make collagen and therefore cannot make an ECM

A

cell walls

160
Q

cell walls lie __

A

above the cell membrane

161
Q

cell walls are present in cells that cannot make __ and therefore cannot make an __

A

collagen

ECM

162
Q

which cell types have cell walls?

A

plants
fungi
bacteria
archaea

163
Q

similarities between cell walls and ECMs

A

provide structural support, protection enhanced degree of filtration

164
Q

do animal cells have a cell wall?

A

no - secrete collagen and make an ECM

165
Q

hard, non-living structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of a plant cell

A

cellulose

166
Q

structural polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

167
Q

found in cell walls of certain bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

168
Q

form the cell walls in archaea

A

polysaccharides

169
Q

coat of glycolipids and glycoproteins that covers the surface of bacterial cell walls and some animal cell membranes

A

glycocalyx

170
Q

function of glycocalyx

A

provide adhesive capabilities
act as infection barrier
act in cell-cell recognition

171
Q

allow the ECM to connect to the cytoskeleton at the interior of an animal cell

A

cell-matrix junctions

172
Q

2 types of cell-matrix junctions

A

focal adhesions

hemidesmosomes

173
Q

cell-matrix junctions that use actin filaments in the cell

A

focal adhesions

174
Q

cell-matrix junctions that use intermediate filaments

A

hemidesmosomes

175
Q

__ junctions connect adjacent cells

A

cell-cell

176
Q

4 main types of cell-cell junctions

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
adherens junctions
gap junctions

177
Q

protein junctions that provide a water-tight seal between cells

A

tight junctions

178
Q

__ junctions ensure that materials must enter the cells to pass through the tissue

A

tight

179
Q

tight junctions are characteristic of cells lining the __

A

digestive tract

180
Q

in __ (cell-cell junctions) cytoskeletal keratin filaments attach to adhesion plaques, which bind transmembrane adhesion proteins that hold adjacent cells together

A

desmosomes

181
Q

what are the adhesion proteins used by desmosomes?

A

cadherins

182
Q

in __ (cell-cell junctions) cytoskeletal microfilaments attach to adhesion plaques, which bind transmembrane adhesion proteins that hold adjacent cells together

A

adherens junctions

183
Q

adhesion proteins used by adherens junctions

A

cadherins

184
Q

desmosomes and adherens junctions are types of __ junctions

A

anchor

185
Q

anchoring junctions provide __ and hold cellular structures togehter

A

mechanical stability

186
Q

where are anchoring junctions found?

A

skin epithelium
cervix
uterus

187
Q

gap junctions allow for the passage of __ and small molecules between cells, but they prevent the __ of each cell from mixing

A

ions

cytoplasms

188
Q

common example of human cells that contain gap junctions

A

heart cells

189
Q

small holes in the plasma membrane of cells that make gap junctions

A

connexons

190
Q

connexons are made up of 6 membrane proteins called __

A

connexins

191
Q

when a connexon of 1 cell lines up with a connexon of another cell, we have a __

A

gap junction

192
Q

a sticky cement which attaches adjacent plant cell walls to each other

A

middle lamella

193
Q

tunnels between adjacent plant cells, which consist of a narrow tube of the ER called a desmodubule

A

plasmodesmata

194
Q

plasmodesmata are tunnels between adjacent plant cells, which consist of a narrow tube of the __ called a desmotubule

A

endoplasmic reticulum

195
Q

material moves through plasmodesmata via the __ that surrounds the __

A

cytosol

desmotubule

196
Q

the relative solute concentrations for 2 solutions that are separated by a semipermeable membrane

A

tonicity

197
Q

tonicity determines the extent and direction of solvent flow via __

A

osmosis

198
Q

a low solute concentration also means a __ water concentration, and vice versa

A

high

199
Q

osmosis makes the solute concentrations __ on both sides of the membrane

A

equal

200
Q

solutions where the extracellular and intracellular environments have the same solute concentrations

A

isotonic

201
Q

animal cells prefer __ environments because they will be in water balance

A

isotonic

202
Q

if the solute concentration outside a cell were higher, it would be called a __ environment

A

hypertonic

203
Q

in a __ environment, water will leave the cell via osmosis in an attempt to reduce the solute concentration outside the cell

A

hypertonic

204
Q

the loss of intracellular fluid in hypertonic environments causes the cell to __

A

shrivel

205
Q

if a cell in a hypertonic environment has a cell wall, it will experience __

A

plasmolysis

206
Q

if the solute concentration is lower outside the cell than it is inside the cell, the environment is __

A

hypotonic

207
Q

in a __ environment, water will travel via osmosis from the external environment and into the cell

A

hypotonic

208
Q

animal cells will __ in hypotonic environments

A

swell –> lyse

209
Q

plant cells prefer __ environments because the extra water goes into the central vacuole, resulting in the normal turgid state

A

hypotonic

210
Q

3 types of intracellular circulation

A

brownian motion
cyclosis/streaming
endoplasmic reticulum

211
Q

random particle movement due to kinetic energy that spreads suspended particles through the cytoplasm

A

brownian motion

212
Q

circular motion of the cytoplasm around cell transport molecules

A

cyclosis/streaming

213
Q

the __ provides a channel through the cytoplasm, from the plasma membrane to nuclear membrane

A

endoplasmic reticulum

214
Q

2 types of extracellular circulation

A

diffusion

circulatory system

215
Q

__ can suffice for food/respiration in cells that are in close contact with the external environment

A

diffusion

216
Q

used for the transport of materials through interstitial fluid (between cells) in more complex animals

A

diffusion

217
Q

complex animals with cells that are too far from the external environment require a __

A

circulatory system

218
Q

the circulatory system uses __

A

vessels (vasculature)

Dental Admissions Test (3 decks)

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