Cellular Disease Flashcards
1
Q
physiologic changes
A
not disease related
2
Q
pathologic changes
A
disease related
3
Q
Hypertrophy
A
- increase in cell size/organ
- ocular example: RPE hypertrophy
4
Q
Hyperplasia
A
- increase in # of cells (replication/proliferation)
- ocular example: RPE hyperplasia
5
Q
Atrophy
A
- shrinkage in cell size via loss of substance
- cause: diminished blood supply
- ocular example: ON atrophy
6
Q
Metaplasia
A
- one cell type replaced by another cell type
- example: smoking (squamous change)
7
Q
most common cause of hypoxia
A
- definition: oxygen deprivation
- most common cause is ischemia
8
Q
most common sign of ischemia
A
- is central retinal artery occlusion
9
Q
irreversibility: morphology and Biochemistry
A
- inability to correct mito dysfunction (lack of ATP generation)
- disturbances in membrane function
- loss of DNA and chromatin structural integrity
10
Q
reversible: morphology
A
- cellular swelling: from failure of ATP dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane
- fatty change: appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm
11
Q
necrosis cell death
A
- loss of membrane integrity
- leakage of cellular contents
- inflammation
- enzyme-induced
12
Q
necrosis: nuclear changes
A
- karyolysis: fading of nucleus
- pyknosis: nucleus shrinks
- karyorrhexis: nucleus fragmentation
13
Q
Caseous necrosis
A
in the lungs, caused by granulomatous diseases
14
Q
liquefactive necrosis
A
in the CNS, caused by bacterial or fungal infections
15
Q
coagulative necrosis
A
in the blood, liver, and kidney. Caused by infarcts (ischemia)
16
Q
“gummatous” necrosis
A
- in liver, bone, skin, airways, mouth
- assoc. with syphilis and granulomatous inflammation
17
Q
“gangrenous necrosis” gangrene
A
- loss of blood supply to limb, leads to coagulative necrosis
- with bacterial infection, leads to liquefactive necrosis
- assoc. with DM
18
Q
apoptosis cell death
A
- fragmentation of whole cell
- “intact” plasma membrane
- no leakage of cellular contents
- no inflammation
- physiologic and pathologic
19
Q
apoptosis mechanism
A
uses activation of caspases
20
Q
replicative senescence
A
- definition: decreased cellular replication
- telomeres shorten with age and end up stopping cell cycle
21
Q
cell cycle
A
- is tightly controlled, by CDK activators/inhibitors and G2-M checkpoint
