Acute inflammatory response part 1

Question 1

inflammatory response goal

Answer 1

• a protective response against cell injury
• the goal is to eliminate and rid necrotic debris

Question 2

inflammation with regards to hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases

Answer 2

hypersensitivity: associated with allergies
autoimmune diseases: self attacks due to the disease

Question 3

acute inflammatory response signs

Answer 3

rapid in onset, short duration, fluid and plasma protein exudation, neutrophil response

Question 4

chronic inflammatory response signs

Answer 4

insidious, longer duration, lymphocytes and macrophages, vascular proliferation and scarring (fibrosis)

Question 5

signs of DM

Answer 5

exudation (macular edema), retinal hemorrhages and cotton wool spots in DM patients

Question 6

5 cardinal signs of inflammatory response

Answer 6

1. calor (heat)
2. rubor (redness)
3. tumor (swelling)
4. dolor (pain)
5. loss of function (function laesa)

Question 7

acute inflammation start

Answer 7

• recognizes stimuli
• toll-like receptors (phagocytes)
• all induced by chemical mediators

Question 8

vascular/cellular changes (vasodilation and permeability)

Answer 8

• arteriolar vasodilation (increased blood flow): endothelial cell contraction, causes rubor and callor
• increased vascular permeability: plasma proteins leave, WBC leakage, causes exudation

Question 9

arteriolar vasodilation in the eye

Answer 9

• conjunctival hyperemia is vasodilation in the eye

Question 10

Exudate definition

Answer 10

Protein-rich fluid accumulation into extravascular tissues

Question 11

Exudate vs transudate (only will ask about exudate?)

Answer 11

• interstitial fluid accumulation
• caused by increased hydrostatic pressure
• low protein & blood cell conc.

Question 12

Conjunctival chemosis

Answer 12

• typically due to allergic hypersensitivity
• hyperactive immune & inflammatory response

Question 13

Acute inflammation cellular changes

Answer 13

Leukocytes “called” to inflammation site
- neutrophil response and marginate (accumulate along endothelial cell surfaces)

Question 14

Leukocyte recruitment

Answer 14

1. Selectins are initial interaction mediator
2. Integrins cause adhesion to endothelium
3. Diapedesis extravasion of leukocytes
4. Leukocytes migrate to interstitial tissues toward cytokines

Question 15

Leukocyte types based on inflammatory responses

Answer 15

• neutrophils: first 6-24 hours, bacterial infection
• monocytes: 24-48 hours
• lymphocytes: viral infections
• eosinophils: hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)

Question 16

Possible leukocyte-induced tissue injury

Answer 16

• can injure normal cells/tissues
• can secrete reactive oxygen species and enzymes
• aren’t as helpful for TB, post myocardial infarction, autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity

Question 17

Lymph vessels in acute immune response

Answer 17

• drain fluid, WBC, and necrotic debris
• lymphangitis/lymphadenitis: inflammation of lymphatic vessels
• enlarged inflamed lymph nodes

Question 18

PAL ( Preauricular Lymphadenopathy)

Answer 18

Inflammation in front of ear of the preauricular lymph nodes, which drains the eye

Question 19

Acute inflammation outcomes

Answer 19

1. Resolution of the inflammation
2. Leads to chronic inflammation
3. Scarring (fibrosis)

Question 20

Steps of the inflammatory response

Answer 20

1. Recognition of the injurious agent
2. Recruitment of leukocytes
3. Removal of the agent
4. Regulation (termination)
5. Repair

Question 21

Acute inflammation morphologic patterns

Answer 21

• serous inflammation: watery, protein poor fluid (blister)
• suppuration inflammation: pus, with necrotic cells (pyogenic bacteria & abscess)
• ulcer: local defect or excavation on surface of organ/tissue