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Pathology > Cellular Damage Inflammation/healing > Flashcards

Cellular Damage Inflammation/healing Flashcards

1
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in the number of cells
Can only happen in organs that can regenerate cells

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2
Q

Physiological examples of hyperplasia

A

Compensation after partial hepatectomy

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3
Q

Pathological example of hyperplasia

A

Abnormal androgen response in BPH

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4
Q

Define hyper trophy

A

Increase in mass of each cell resulting in a larger organ overall

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5
Q

Physiological example of hypertrophy

A

Uterus in pregnancy

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6
Q

Pathological example of hyper trophy

A

Cardiac myocytes aortic stenosis

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7
Q

Define atrophy

A

A decrease in mass of cell

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8
Q

Physiological examples of atrophy

A

Uterus after birth

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9
Q

Pathological example of atrophy

A

Disuse, denervation,ischaemia, nutrition, aging, pressure

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10
Q

Define metaplasia

A

A reversible change where the cell type changes

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11
Q

Example of metaplasia

A

Barrotts oesophagus

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12
Q

Define necrosis

A

Cell death after an abnormal stress , it is always pathological

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13
Q

Regarding healing by first intention when do neutrophils appear

A

Within 24 hours

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14
Q

With regards to healing by first intention when is neovascularisation maximal

A

Day 5

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15
Q

What accounts for most wound strength

A

Collagen 1

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16
Q

With regards to healing by first intention when is collagen type 3 and type 1 deposited

A

Type 3 initially
Replaced by type 1 which is stronger

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17
Q

Describe platelets

A

Membrane bound smooth biconvex discs
Do not have a nucleus
Shed from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Contain alpha and delta granules
Average life span 5-9 days

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18
Q

Products produced by macrophages that cause tissue injury and fibrosis

A

Arachidonic metabilites
Reactive oxygen species
Reactive nitrogen
Proteases
Cytokines
Coagulation factors

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19
Q

Factors released by macrophages which cause repair

A

Growth factor
Fibrogenic cytokines
Angiogrnic factors
Remodelling collagenesis

20
Q

Which cells participate in phagocytosis

A

Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Tissue dendritic cells
Mast cells

21
Q

When does new collagen deposition occur

A

By day 3 of wound healing

22
Q

With a clean surgical incision wound what is the wound strength by the end of the first week

A

10%

23
Q

With clean surgical incision what happens to the destroyed dermal appendages

A

The do not recover

24
Q

What is the first part of fracture healing

A

Haematoma
Occurs immediately after
Provides a firbin mesh for influx of inflammatory cells

25
Q

What is the second part of fracture healing

A

Inflammation via degranulation of platelets and inflammatory cells
Activate osteoprogenitor cells in periosteum and medullary cavity
Osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity

26
Q

What is the 3rd part of fracture healing

A

Procallus
No structural integrity for weight bearing

27
Q

What happens in callus formation in fracture healing

A

Subperiosteal deposition of trabecular woven bone
Maximal girth at week 2-3

28
Q

What are the 3 phases of fracture healing

A

Reactive
Reparative
Remodelling

29
Q

What happens in the reactive phase of fracture healing

A

Haematoma forms immediately
Provides fibrin mesh
Sets up the framework for the formation of procallus
Fracture callus is most often made up of hyaline cartilage and woven bone

30
Q

What happens in the reparative stage of fracture healing

A

Replacement of hyaline cartilage and woven bone with lamellar bone
Replacement of hyaline cartilage is known as endochindral ossification
Replacement of woven bone is known as bony substitution

31
Q

What happens in the remodelling stage of fracture healing

A

Travecular bone replaces lamellar bone
The trabecular bone is resorbed by osteoclasts
Creates a shallow pit - howships lacuna
Osteoblasts deposit compact bone which is remodelled

32
Q

What is healing by first intention - primary union

A

The wound is clean uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical sutures
Incision involves limited number of epithelial cells and connective tissue cells as well as disruption of epithelial basement membrane continuity

33
Q

What happens within 24 hours of clean virginal suture

A

Neutrophils appear at wound margins
Epidermis at its cut edges thickens because of mitotic activity

34
Q

What happens between 24-48hrs of clean surgical suture wounds

A

Epithelial spurs develop fishing in the midline beneath the surface scab producing a thin epithelial layer

35
Q

What happens at day 3 of clean surgical suture wounds

A

Granulation tissues invade the space, collagen appears

36
Q

What happens at day 5 of clean surgical suture wounds

A

Neovascularization is maximal
Collagen fibres bridge the incision
Epidermis recovers

37
Q

What happens at week 2 of clean surgical suture wounds

A

Accumulation of collagen and fibroblasts
Decrease in vascularity and inflammatory cells

38
Q

What happens at one month of clean surgical suture wounds

A

The scar compromises a cellular connective tissue devoid of inflammatory infiltrate covered now by intact epidermis

39
Q

What is healing by secondary intension

A

Extensive cell and tissue loss
Regeneration of parenchyma cells cannot reconstitute the original architecture
Abundant granulation tissue

40
Q

What inflammatory reactions do mast cells participate in

A

Acute and chronic

41
Q

Do mast cells release lysosomes

A

No

42
Q

With regards to mast cells what does adenosine triphosphate do

A

Provides the emerge for mast cell degranulation

43
Q

How do burns cause hypovolaemia

A

Increase in local interstitial osmotic pressure
Neurogenic and mediator induced increase in vascular permeability
Protein from blood is lost into interstitial tissue
Generalised oedema

44
Q

How are neutrophils removed at the end of the inflammatory process

A

Apoptosis

45
Q

System factor that impacts wound healing

A

Glucocorticoid excess
Diabetes mellitus
Blood flow - cvd pvd
Nutrition - protein vitamin c

Pathology (6 decks)

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