Blood Vessels

Question 1

What are the 3 components of atherosclerotic plaques

Answer 1

1 cells including smooth muscle cells, macrophages and other leukocytes
2 connective tissue extra cellular matrix - including collagen, elastic fibres and proteoglycans
3 intracellular and extracellular deposits

Question 2

What layer are atherosclerotic plaques characterised by

Answer 2

Thickening of túnica íntima

Question 3

What are the 4 major risk factors for atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Increased lipids/hypercholesterolaemia
Smoking
HTN
Diabetes

Question 4

Which is the most heavily involved vessel in relation to atherosclerosis

Answer 4

Abdominal aorta

Question 5

In atherosclerosis what cell is the centre of the plaque

Answer 5

Foam cells

Question 6

With Malignant hypertension what % of chronic HTN sufferers does it affect

Answer 6

1-5%

Question 7

What are the 4 risk factors for malignant HTN

Answer 7

Younger
Male
Black
Diastole >130

Question 8

High levels of what is associated with malignant hypertension

Answer 8

Renin

Question 9

Hypertension is associated with what 2 types of small blood vessel disease

Answer 9

Hyaline ateriolosclerosis
Hyperplastic ateriolosclerosis

Question 10

In healthy endothelium of cells how do they have antiplatelet effects

Answer 10

PGI2 and NO - inhibit adhesion and are also vasodilators and inhibit platelet aggregation
Release ADPase that degrades ADP further inhibiting platelet aggregation

Question 11

In healthy epithelium vessels how do the cells actively prevent thrombosis

Answer 11

Antiplatelet effects
Anticoagulant effects
Fibrinolytic effects

Question 12

What are the anticoagulant effects of healthy endothelial cells in vessels

Answer 12

Mediated by heparin line molecules, thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Question 13

With the anitcoagulation effects of healthy endothelial cells in vessels what does thrombomodulin do

Answer 13

Binds to thrombin and converts it from a procoagulant to an anticoagulant via its ability to activate protein C which inhibits factors Va and VIIIa

Question 14

With anticoagulant effects of healthy endothelial cells in vessels what does tissue factor pathway inhibitor do

Answer 14

Inhibit factors VIIa and Xa

Question 15

What is the fibrinolytic effect of health endothelial cells in vessels

Answer 15

Synthesise tissue plasmin activator
t-PA
Cleaves plasminogen to plasmin

Question 16

What binds platelets to exposed extracellular matrix

Answer 16

VWF

Question 17

With aortic dissection what is the Stanford classification

Answer 17

A - proximal, effecting ascending, more dangerous
B - distal (Beyond Brachiocephalic vessels)

Question 18

With aortic dissection what is the DeBakey classification

Answer 18

Type 1-3 (BAD)
1 = both ascending and descending
2 = ascending
3 = descending

Question 19

What are the 2 most important causes of aortic aneurysms

Answer 19

Atherosclerosis
Hypertension

Question 20

What is the most important cause in AAAs

Answer 20

Atherosclerosis

Question 21

What is the most improtant cause in ascending aortic aneurysms

Answer 21

Hypertension

Question 22

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 22

A slowly progressive disease of arteries
Marked by elevated fibrofatty intimal atherosclerotic plaques formed by lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix in the intima