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B4W1 > CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD > Flashcards

CELLULAR COMPONENTS OF BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main functions of blood?

A

transportation (oxygen, nutrients, waste products, messenger functions) and regulation (body temperature, pH, pressures)

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2
Q

what are the 2 major components of blood? what percentage of the blood do they make up?

A

55% plasma

45% formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

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3
Q

what proportion of the blood cells are RBCs?

A

99%

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4
Q

what does plasma consist of?

A

92% water, 7% plasma proteins, 1% other substances (e.g. electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases)

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5
Q

what is serum?

A

a plasma devoid from clotting factors. this is achieved by drawing blood in the absence of anti-coagulents

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6
Q

what is the densest part of blood?

A

red blood cells then WBC/platelets and then plasma

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7
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

the formation of mature blood cells and blood plasma

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8
Q

describe how the site of hematopoiesis changes through the developing embryo, children and adult life?

A

in developing embryos, blood formation occurs in blood islands in the yolk sac. as development progresses, it occurs in the spleen, liver and lymph nodes. as bone marrow develops, it eventually assumes the task of forming most blood cells. in children it occurs in the marrow of long bones but in adults it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae and sternum.

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9
Q

what is production of blood and immune cells tightly controlled by?

A

cytokines and growth factors e.g. EPO, TPO, interleukin, stroll cell factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor

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10
Q

what is erythropoiesis?

A

the formation of RBCs in the bone marrow

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11
Q

What is erythropoietin? how does it work?

A

in hypoxia, kidney cells release EPO which binds to the EPO receptor on progenitor cells and activate the JAK-2 which then allows stimulation of RBC production

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12
Q

what is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta global chains each associated with a haem group which is a porphyrin ring linked to a molecule of iron (cofactor).

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13
Q

what gives RBCs their red colour?

A

iron in haemoglobin

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14
Q

why do RBCs have a bi-concave shape and no nucleus?

A

for optimum oxygen transfer, flexibility through small capillaries

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15
Q

why do RBCs have a lifespan of 120 days?

A

they do not contain a nucleus so have no repair process so when they get old/damaged then they are removed by macrophages of the spleen.

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16
Q

describe the recycling process of old/damaged RBCs?

A

haemoglobin breaks down into haem and globin. globin breaks down into amino acids whilst haem breaks down into bilirubin and iron. the iron and amino acids reenter the blood stream (iron bound to transferrin) and they return to the bone marrow for eryhtopoiesis whilst bilirubin is excreted.

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17
Q

what is the function of thrombocytes?

A

initiating blood clotting at the site of injury

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18
Q

what is thrombopoiesis?

A

production of thrombocytes. myeloid stem cell develops into a megakaryoblast, then a megakaryocyte and then a platelet.

19
Q

what percentage of the body’s platelets are stored in the spleen?

A

30%

20
Q

how long do platelets last?

A

7-10 days

21
Q

what is platelet production controlled by?

A

thrombopoietin which is produced by the liver and kidneys

22
Q

what is platelet derived growth factor’s function?

A

they aid the repair of vasculature

23
Q

what are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function

24
Q

what causes inflammation?

A

heat and redness come from increased blood flow and swelling is from extravasation.

25
Q

what is extravasation?

A

leaving of cells from our blood stream into tissues to try to minimise infection effects

26
Q

what’s the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

both white blood cells. either with or without granules in their cytoplasm.

27
Q

what are the innate immune cells?

A 
basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
natural killer cells
28
Q

what are the adaptive immune cells

A

plasma cells, B lymphocytes, t lymphocytes, sometimes natural killer cells can be classified here also

29
Q

what link the adaptive and innate immune responses? why?

A

the dendritic cells as they can be produced from both the myeloid and lymphoid lineage

30
Q

what is the lifespan of neutrophils?

A

18 hours

31
Q

what is the lifespan of eosinophils?

A

2-5 days

32
Q

what is the lifespan of basophils?

A

1-2 days

33
Q

what is the lifespan of monocytes?

A

1-7 days

34
Q

what is the life span of natural killer cells?

A

14 days

35
Q

what is the lifespan of lymphocytes? why?

A

weeks/years

this allows immunological memory to occur

36
Q

which cells are phagocytic?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, b lymphocytes

37
Q

what’s the function of basophils?

A

the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine to aid immunity to pathogens

38
Q

what’s the function of eosinophils?

A

phagocytic and protection against helminths

39
Q

how do we categorise the different lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells express different receptors- B cells express CD3+ whilst T cells express CD19+. T cells can be further divided into helper CD4 and cytotoxic CD8)

40
Q

what are myeloproliferative disorders?

A

blood cancers where the blood makes too many blood cells

41
Q

what is polycythaemia?

A

an increase in the number of RBCs.

42
Q

what’s the difference between primary and secondary polycythaemia?

A

Primary polycythemia is caused by an abnormality of the cells in the bone marrow that form red blood cells. Secondary polycythemia is caused by a disorder originating outside of the bone marrow that causes overstimulation of the normal bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of red blood cells.

43
Q

what is myelofibrosis?

A

a bone marrow cancer that disrupts the normal production of blood cells. it leads to severe anaemia.

44
Q

what are the conditions for donating blood?

A

you must be…

  1. fit and healthy
  2. weigh at least 50kg
  3. be 17-66 years old
  4. can be over 70 if you have given blood for the last 2 years

B4W1 (10 decks)

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