Cellular Biology

Question 1

eukaryotic cell functions

Answer 1

• movement
• conductivity
• respiration
• reproduction
• secretion
• excretion
• communication
• metabolic

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

creates & repairs DNA, transcription

Question 3

plasma membrane

Answer 3

lipid bilayer, regulates movement across cell

• made from proteins and fluid mosaic model

Question 4

mechanisms of cell binding

Answer 4

extracellular matrix: diffusion

cell junctions: hold cells together to pass molecules from cell to cell

• desmoses, gap junciton, tight junction

intracelluar/plasma membrane receptors

Question 5

chemical signaling

Answer 5

• contact depende
• paracrine
• autocrine
• hormonal
• neurohormonal
• neurotrasmitters

Question 6

cellular catabolism

Answer 6

energy release process

• digestion: breaking down to smaller molecules
• glycolysis/oxidation: splitting glucose
• kreb cycle: cellular respiration

Question 7

passive and active transport

Answer 7

• passive: channel or carrier proteins, doesn’t do anything to move things in and out, opens up
• active: carrier proteins, actively move things in and out

Question 8

endocytosis and exocytosis

Answer 8

• endocytosis: being brough into the cell, engulfed
• exocytosis: active transporting substances out of cell

Question 9

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Answer 9

phagocytosis: endocytosis, removes pathogens/bacteria
pinocytosis: endocytosis, movement of fluid engulfed by cell

Question 10

action potential

Answer 10

depolarization: cell becomes permeable to Na+ –> Na+ moves into cell –>membrane potential goes from negative to 0
threshold: cell decolorizes by 15-20 millivolts

action potential: rapid reversal polarity results in AP, membrane goes from 0 to positive

repolarization: Na+ channel close  k+ open  k+ move out of cell  membrane goes back to negative again  Na+/k+ channels back to normal

refractory period: absolute cannot respond to another stimulus, relative, stronger than Na+ stimulus to make AP again

Question 11

mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 11

prophase: appearance of chromosomes
metaphase: spindle finders pull chromosomes to opposite sides
anaphase: centromeres split; sister chromatids are pulled apart
telophase: new nuclear membrane is formed around each pair of 46 chromosomes, results in two identical diploid cells

Question 12

cell cycle

Answer 12

S phase: DNA is synthesized in cell nucleus

G2 phase: RNA and protein synthesis occur

M phase: nucleus cytoplasmic division

G1 phase: period between phase and start of DNA synthesis

Question 13

cell growth

Answer 13

AKA cytokines: stimulatory chemical signals, transmit signals within/between cells, major role in regulation of tissue growth/development