Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCAT: BIOLOGY > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe cel theory

A
  • all living things are ocmposed of cells
  • a cell is the basic functional unit of life
  • chemical reactionf of life take place inside the cell
  • all cells arise from pre-existing cells

0 cells carry info in form of DNA, genetic info is passed from parent cell to daughter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms

A

archaea, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of cell membrane

A
  • plasma mem, selectively permeable
  • fluid mosiac model: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (phosphorous containing polar heads face out and hydrocarbon tails in)
  • permeable to small hydrophobic mol like oxygen and small polar mol liek water
  • others transported w/ carrier proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of the nucleous

A
  • controls cell activites and division
  • contains DNA complexed w/ histones to form chromosomes

*histones also involved in gene transcription

  • also contains nucleolus where ribosomal synthesis occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of ribosome

A

protein synthesis

  • free in cytoplasm or bound to ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function fo ER

A
  • tranport of materials particular those to be secreted
  • smooth inolved in metabolism and production of lipids
  • rough ER plays role in protien production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of Golgi apparatus

A

receives vesicles from smooth ER and modfies tthem and repackages into vesicles

  • distributes to cell surface via exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of mitochondria

A

aerobic respiration: energy supplier mainly in fomr of ATP

  • has outer and inner phospholipid bilayer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

function of cytoplasm

A
  • where most metabolic activity occurs
  • transport within occurs via cyckidud (streaming movement within cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

function of vaculoes/vesicles

A

membrane bound saces involed in transport and storage that are ingested, secreted, processed or digested by the cell

  • vaculoes larger than vesicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of centriole

A
  • spindle organization during cell division
  • typically pair of centrioles at right angles to each other in centrosome
  • only in animal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function of lysosomes

A
  • membrane bound vesicles contining hydrolytic enzymes
  • involved in intracellular digestion
  • rupturing lysosome to release hydrolytic enzymes for autolysis (cell suicide)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A
  • supprts cell, maintians shape and aids in motility
  • comprised of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

Microtubules = hollow rods of polymerized tubulun that radiate throughout the cell providing support and framework for organelle movement in cell

  • centrioles comprised of microtubules
  • cilia and flagella are specialized arrangements of microtubules
  • microfilaments = solid rods of actin impmortant for cel movement and support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • net movemnt of particles down their concentration gradient, no energy
  • ex = Osmosis, diffusion of water from lower solute conc to higher solute conc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypertonic

A
  • call cytoplasm has lower solute conc then outside, water will flow out and cell will shrivel
  • also caled plasmolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hypotonic

A
  • extracellular environment less conc then cytoplasm so water flow into cell
  • cell wil swell and lyse (burst)
    ex: rbc will burst if placed in distilled water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

isotonic

A

extracellular environemnt ahs same conc as inside cell

  • water moves back in fourth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

facillitated diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • net movement down conc gradient via carrier protein
  • still no energy
19
Q

active transport

A
  • energyrequired to move against conc gradient via transport protein
  • general carrier molecules include:
  • energy-independent carriers: facilitate movement of compounds along gradient
  • symporters: move two or more ions or mol in same direction
  • antiport_ exchange of one or more mol or ions for another across membrane
  • pumps: energy dependent carriers
20
Q

endocytosis

A
  • cell membrane invaginates forming vesible that contains extracellular medium
  • allows to bring large volumes of extracellular material inside the cell

Pinocytosis: ingetion of fluids or small particles

Phagocytosis: englufing large particles

21
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicle in cell fuses with membrane to release a large volume of contants to the outside

ex. occurs wth neurotransmitters

22
Q

bownian movement

A
  • intracellular circulation
  • kinetic energy spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of cell
23
Q

cyclosis or streaming

A
  • ex of intracellular circulation
  • circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transports molecules
24
Q

Endoplasmid reticulum for intracellular circulation

A

forms a network of chennels throughout the cytoplasm providing a direct continuous pathway from the plasma membrane to nuclear membrane

25
Q

examples of extracellular circulation (movement of materials on larger scale thoguh body)

A

Diffusion:

  • occurs if cells are in direct or close contact w/ external environment

Circulatory System:

  • complex animals whos cells are too far from external environment to transport via diffusion
  • requires circulatory system
  • includes vessels to transport fluid and a pump to drive circulation
26
Q

importance of cell division for unicellular vs multicellular organisms

A

unicellular: means of reproduction
multicellular: means of growth, developemnt and replacemnt of cells

27
Q

what is interphase

A
  • period of growth and chromosomal replicaiton
  • accounts for 90% of lifetime
  • after replication chromosome consists of two sister chromatids held together by centromere

*during interphase individual chromosomes are not visible, DNA is celled chromatin

28
Q

what are the parts of interphase

A

G1: initiates interphase, described as the active growth phase and can vary in length, cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins

*length of G1 determines lenght of entire cell cycle

S: period of DNA synthesis

G2: cell prepares to divide, it growth and synthesizes proteins

M: mitosis or meiosis

29
Q
A
30
Q

what it mitosis and the 4 phases

A

division and distribution of cells DNA into two daughter cells

  • each cell recieves a complete copy of original genome
  • occurs in somatic cells (not gametes)

*nuclear division (karyokinesis) is followed by cel division (cytokinesis)

31
Q

what is karyokinesis

A

nuclear division

32
Q

explain prophase

A

chromosomes condense and centriole pairs (in animal cells) separate and mvoe towards opposite ends of the poles of cell

  • spindle apparatus forms between them and nuclear membrane dissolves allowing spindle fibers to interact with chromosomes

*PMAT

33
Q

explain metaphase

A
  • centrioles are at opposite poles, fibers of spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at coresponding kinetochore (a protein location on the centromere)
  • the spindle fibers align the chromosomes at the centre of the cell (equator) forming the metaphase plate
34
Q

explain anaphase

A
  • centromeres split so each chromatid has tis own distinct centromere, allowing sister chromatids to separate
  • sister chromatids are pulled twds opp ends of poles y shortening of spindle fibers

*spindle fibers are composed of microtubules

35
Q

explain telophase

A
  • spindle apparatus disspears
  • nuclear memrane forms around each set of newly formed chromosomes

*each nucleus contains the same number (diploid 2N) as the original parent

  • chromosomes uncoil
36
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

cell division

  • near end of telophase cytoplasm divides into 2, each with a complete nucleus and set of organelles
  • in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms and cell membrane indents along euator, pinches the cell itno 2
  • in plant cells a cell plate forms between the two nuclei, spilling it in half
37
Q

explain meiosis

A
  • sexual reporduction: requires two parents
  • occurs via fusion of teo gametes produced by each parent
  • produces haploid 1N cells halving the number of chromosomes
  • involves two divisions resulting in 4 gametes
38
Q

interphase of meiosis

A
  • like mitosis, parent cells chromosomes are replicated resulting in 2N number of sister chromatids
39
Q

what is the product of the first meiotic division

A
  • two intermediate daughter cells with N chromosomes and sister chromatids
40
Q

explain prophase 1 meiosis

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • spindle apparatus forms and nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear
  • homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine (synapsis)

*each chrom has 2 sister chromatids, each synaptic pair consists of 4 chromatids so called tetrad

*chromosomes can break and cross over to exchange genetic info, the points of contact between homologous chromosomes where crossing over occurs = chiasmata

  • sister chromatids no longer identical after crossing over has ocurred
41
Q

explain metaphase 1 meiosis

A
  • homologous pairs (tetrads) align at equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiber at the kinetochore
42
Q

explain anaphase 1 meiosis

A
  • homologous pairs separate and pulled to opp ends of cell (disjunction)
  • paternal ones in one and maternal ones in other, get genetic variability due to previous crossing over
43
Q

explain telophase 1 meiosis

A
  • nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus

*each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined at centromere

44
Q

what is the product of the second meiotic division

A
  • similar to mitosis but meiosis II is not preceed by chromosomal replication
  • get haploid number of chromosomes

*note in woman only one of these daughter cells becomes a functional gamete the other two or three are destroyed by the body

PCAT: BIOLOGY (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions