Cellular Biology

Question 1

The ATP synthesis is a specialized membrane transport protein that generates ATP molecules when ____ passes through it:

Answer 1

Hydrogen ions

Question 2

What organelle has pores so that material can easily travel in and out across the organelles membrane?

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

What organelle has powerful digestive enzymes to breakdown nutrients and foreign particles that enter the cell?

Answer 3

Lysosomes

Question 4

What are the primitive cells and are often referred to as bacteria?

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cells

Question 5

What are the evolved/modern cells and are found in most living organisms?

Answer 5

Eukaryotic cells

Question 6

What protein based structures are responsible for the translation of mRNA into amino acid chains?

Answer 6

Ribosomes

Question 7

What organelles extend from the nuclear membrane to the inner wall of the plasma membrane?

Answer 7

The endoplasmic reticulum

Question 8

What structures are responsible for dividing the chromosomes during cell division?

Answer 8

The centrioles

Question 9

What organelle is responsible for final folding of amino acid chains and packaging for transport out of/within the cell?

Answer 9

The golgi bodies

Question 10

What organelle stores the genetic information and is the site of gene transcription?

Answer 10

Nucleus

Question 11

What organelle is the location of the last two stages of cellular respiration and responsible for the production of the majority of the cells ATP?

Answer 11

The mitochondria

Question 12

Describe the features and role of the endoplasmic reticulum within the eukaryotic cell:

Answer 12

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane based organelle that extends from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. It is comprised of 2 forms: smooth ER (sER) and rough ER (rER). sER is responsible for the storage and transport of different lipid molecules. rER is the site of protein synthesis due to the embedded ribosomes. It is responsible for the packaging and transport of these proteins within the cell.

Question 13

Where does glycolysis start and end in?

Answer 13

Cytoplasm

Question 14

What structures are responsible for dividing the chromosome during cell division?

Answer 14

The centrioles

Question 15

What stage of the cell cycle does the nuclear envelope disintegrates?

Answer 15

Prophase

Question 16

What stage of the cell cycle is the genetic material copied?

Answer 16

Interphase (S1)

Question 17

What stage of the cell cycle are organelles and proteins associated with cell division synthesized?

Answer 17

Interphase (G2)

Question 18

What stage of the cell cycle elongates the cell as the spindle fibers shorten?

Answer 18

Anaphase

Question 19

What stage of the cell cycle does chromosomes disappear from chromatin?

Answer 19

Telophase

Question 20

What stage of the cell cycle does the chromosomes condense from chromatin?

Answer 20

Prophase

Question 21

What stage of the cell cycle does chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell?

Answer 21

Metaphase

Question 22

What stage of the cell cycle does spindle fibers form across the cell?

Answer 22

Prophase

Question 23

What stage of the cell cycle does cytokinesis end and daughter cells emerge?

Answer 23

Telophase

Question 24

What stage of the cell cycle do the spindle fibers dissolve and the nuclear membrane become visible?

Answer 24

Telophase

Question 25

What stage of the cell cycle do spindle fibers attach to the paired chromosomes?

Answer 25

Metaphase

Question 26

Which pathway requires molecular oxygen?

Answer 26

Electron transfer phosphorylation in mitochondria

Question 27

Which molecule does not for during glycolysis?

Answer 27

FADH2

Question 28

In eukaryotes, the final reactions of cellular respiration are completed in the ____?

Answer 28

Mitochondria

Question 29

After the citric acid cycle reactions run ___, one 6-carbon glucose molecule has been completely broken down to carbon dioxide.

Answer 29

Twice

Question 30

In the final stage of cellular respiration, ____ is the final acceptor of electrons:

Answer 30

Oxygen gas

Question 31

First pathway in aerobic respiration:

Answer 31

Glycolysis

Question 32

Second pathway in aerobic respiration:

Answer 32

Acetyl-coA formation

Question 33

Third pathway in aerobic respiration:

Answer 33

Citric acid cycle

Question 34

Fourth pathway in aerobic respiration:

Answer 34

Electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 35

The Kreb's cycle:

Answer 35

The production of carbon dioxide

Question 36

Pyruvate:

Answer 36

End product of glycolysis

Question 37

Electron transport chain:

Answer 37

Production of many ATPs

Question 38

NADH:

Answer 38

Electron carrier that stores energy used to make ATP

Question 39

What is the primary purpose of NADH and FADH2 in respiration?

Answer 39

Carry electrons to the ETC

Question 40

What happens to the carbon in glucose as the molecule is broken down by cellular respiration?

Answer 40

It leaves as carbon dioxide gas

Question 41

In between the end of glycolysis and the beginning of the Krebs cycle, what must first happen?

Answer 41

Pyruvates from glycolysis are converted to molecules of acetyl-CoA

Question 42

The reduction of FADH to FADH2 only happens during which stage of cellular respiration?

Answer 42

Krebs cycle

Question 43

At the end of the ETC, what molecules are the final electron acceptors?

Answer 43

Oxygen

Question 44

What is the primary source the body uses to maintain glucose levels in the blood when no glucose is available through digestion?

Answer 44

Glycogen

Question 45

What is the process by which pyruvate is generated from non-carb precursors?

Answer 45

Gluconeogenesis

Question 46

Regardless of the substrate, the majority of ATP production must utilize which stage of ATP production?

Answer 46

Krebs cycle

Question 47

Glycogenolysis is regulated by what biofeedback mechanisms?

Answer 47

Glucagon, adrenal hormones (corticosterone)

Question 48

What organelle is the location of the last 2 stages of cellular respiration and responsible for the production of the majority of the cells ATP?

Answer 48

The mitochondria

Question 49

Glucose molecules are taken into the cell to be broken down and used to synthesize what?

Answer 49

ATP

Question 50

What method of transport across a membrane can be both passive and active?

Answer 50

Facilitated diffusion

Question 51

Passive transport across the cell membrane moves towards the region of _____ concentration while active transport works ____ the concentration gradient:

Answer 51

low, against

Question 52

Can facilitated diffusion be both active and passive depending on what is being transported across the cell membrane?

Answer 52

Yes

Question 53

What type of transport is osmosis specifically?

Answer 53

Facilitated channel protein

Question 54

How are large molecules moved out of cells?

Answer 54

Active exocytosis

Question 55

What is the cell environment referred to when a cell shrinks due to plasmolysis?

Answer 55

Hypertonic

Question 56

What is the cell environment referred to when a cell explodes due to cytolysis?

Answer 56

Hypotonic

Question 57

How is gluconeogenesis regulated?

Answer 57

When excess energy is available in some other form the process of gluconeogenesis is inhibited. The conversion of pyruvate to PEP to reverse glycolysis and generate glucose is regulated by the concentration of acetyl-coA. When this is high, it is available for the krebs cycle due to existing pyruvate so no additional pyruvate is required. Glycolysis is regulated by substrate availability as well. If ample glucose (glucose-6-phosphate) is available gluconeogenesis will not proceed. Lastly if the ratio of ATP to AMP indicates an energy deficit.