Cellular Alteration

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

Mass of new tissue that grows independently and has no physiologic purpose

Question 2

Benign

Answer 2

Growth that doesn’t endanger life or health

Question 3

Malignant

Answer 3

If not treated, growth will recur, continue to grow, and spread to other sites leading to death

Question 4

Metastasis

Answer 4

Spreading to other areas of body

Question 5

Characteristics of Malignant Cells

9 total

Answer 5

1) Loss of regulation of mitosis
2) Loss of specialization and differentiation
3) Loss of contact inhibition
4) Progressive acquisition of cancerous phenotype
5) Irreversibility
6) Altered Structure
7) Simplified metabolic activities
8) Transplantability
9) Ability to promote own survival

Question 6

Benign Tumor Characteristics

Answer 6

1) local
2) cohesive
3) well-defined borders
4) pushes tissues out of way rather than invade
5) slow growth
6) encapsulated
7) easily removed
8) doesn’t recur

Question 7

Malignant Tumor Characteristics

Answer 7

1) invasive
2) noncohesive
3) doesn’t stop at tissue border
4) invades and destroys surrounding tissues
5) rapid growth
6) metastasis
7) not always easy to remove
8) can recur

Question 8

Carcinogenesis

Answer 8

origin of cancer development involving cellular mutation, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes

Question 9

Carcinogens

Answer 9

cancer causing substance that causes mutations in cellular DNA

Question 10

Oncogenes

Answer 10

Genes that promote cell proliferation and are capable of triggering cancerous characteristics (such as BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)

Question 11

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Answer 11

Normally suppress oncogenes

can be inactive or deleted in mutation

Question 12

Cancer associated with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 &2 (HSV 1 & 2)

Answer 12

Carcinoma of lip
cervical carcinoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 13

Cancer associated with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)

Answer 13

Kaposi’s sarcoma

prostate cancer

Question 14

Cancer associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

Answer 14

Burketts lymphoma

Question 15

Cancer associated with Human Herpes Virus -6 (HHV-6)

Answer 15

Lymphoma

Question 16

Cancer associated with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Answer 16

Primary Hepatocellular Cancer

Question 17

Cancer associated with Papillomavirus

Answer 17

Cervical, Penile, and laryngeal cancer

malignant melanoma

Question 18

Cancer associated with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

Answer 18

Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
T-Cell variant of hair-cell lymphoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 19

Cancer Risk Factors

Answer 19

1) Age >50
2) hereditary- first degree relative
3) Poverty- less access to healthcare, nutrition and high stress
4) Stress- epinephrine and cortisol alter immunologic surveillance
5) diet- high fat, low fiber
6) occupation
7) infection- viruses
8) lifestyle- smoking, alcohol, drug use, obesity
9) sun exposure

Question 20

Anorexia- Cachexia Syndrome

Answer 20

Neoplastic cells rob body of nutrition for self growth which causes rapid weight loss and wasting away appearance

neoplastic cells cause increase in glucose which cause anorexia

Question 21

Grading

Answer 21

Evaluates amount of differentiation of cell and estimates growth based on mitotic rate

Question 22

Staging

Answer 22

classifies solid tumors and refers to size, as well as extent of disease

Question 23

Tumor Markers

Answer 23

molecules detectable in serum that indicates tumors

can be: antigens, hormones, proteins, and enzymes

Question 24

TNM Staging System:

Answer 24

Tumor: TO- no tumor, TIS- tumor in situ, T1-4- degree of tumor growth

Nodes: NO- no node involvement, N1a-N1b: no metastasis, N1b-N3b: metastatic suspected, NX- cannot be clinically assessed

Metastasis: MO- no metastasis, M1-3- degree of metastasis

Question 25

Colerectal Cancer Screening Guidelines

Answer 25

Occult blood test annually beginning age 50 sigmoidscopcy every 5 years beginning age 50 Colonoscopy every 10 years Double Contrast Barium every 5 years

Question 26

Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines

Answer 26

SBE monthly beginning age 20 Clinical exam every 3 years from 20-40 yrs Mammogram every 3 years from 20-40, and then annually

Question 27

Cervical and Uterine Cancer Screening Guidelines

Answer 27

Pap smear starting at intercourse or age 21 every 3 years can be stopped at age 70 if normal can be stopped with hysterectomy

Question 28

Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines

Answer 28

Digital rectal exam annually beginning at 50

Question 29

Health Counselings and Other Cancer Screening Guidelines

Answer 29

every 3 years beginning age 20, annually after 40

Question 30

Nursing Diagnosis for Cancer

Answer 30

``` Anxiety Disturbed Body Image Anticipatory Grieving Risk for Infection Risk for Injury Imbalanced Nutrition: less than bodily requirements Impaired Tissue Integrity ```

Question 31

Chemotherapy

Answer 31

anti neoplastic drug therapy used to cure, palliation, or prophylaxis

Question 32

Radiation

Answer 32

Kills cancer cells, works best for localized cancer | can be given to relieve symptoms (palliative) without curative affects

Question 33

Hyperplasia

Answer 33

Increase in number of cells in response to stress | under DNA control

Question 34

Metaplasia

Answer 34

loss in normal pattern of differentiation Normal cell in abnormal area Under normal control and reversible

Question 35

Dysplasia

Answer 35

loss of DNA control | abnormal variation in size, shape, appearance, and disturbance in arrangement

Question 36

Anaplasia

Answer 36

Loss of DNA control | regression of cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type

Question 37

CAUTION acronym

Answer 37

``` C- Changes in bowel or bladder A- a sore that doesn't heal U- unusual bleeding/discharge T- thickening or lump I-indigestion or swallowing difficulties N- nagging cough or hoarseness ```