Cellular Alteration Flashcards
neoplasm
Mass of new tissue that grows independently and has no physiologic purpose
Benign
Growth that doesn’t endanger life or health
Malignant
If not treated, growth will recur, continue to grow, and spread to other sites leading to death
Metastasis
Spreading to other areas of body
Characteristics of Malignant Cells
9 total
1) Loss of regulation of mitosis
2) Loss of specialization and differentiation
3) Loss of contact inhibition
4) Progressive acquisition of cancerous phenotype
5) Irreversibility
6) Altered Structure
7) Simplified metabolic activities
8) Transplantability
9) Ability to promote own survival
Benign Tumor Characteristics
1) local
2) cohesive
3) well-defined borders
4) pushes tissues out of way rather than invade
5) slow growth
6) encapsulated
7) easily removed
8) doesn’t recur
Malignant Tumor Characteristics
1) invasive
2) noncohesive
3) doesn’t stop at tissue border
4) invades and destroys surrounding tissues
5) rapid growth
6) metastasis
7) not always easy to remove
8) can recur
Carcinogenesis
origin of cancer development involving cellular mutation, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes
Carcinogens
cancer causing substance that causes mutations in cellular DNA
Oncogenes
Genes that promote cell proliferation and are capable of triggering cancerous characteristics (such as BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Normally suppress oncogenes
can be inactive or deleted in mutation
Cancer associated with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 &2 (HSV 1 & 2)
Carcinoma of lip
cervical carcinoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Cancer associated with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
Kaposi’s sarcoma
prostate cancer
Cancer associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Burketts lymphoma
Cancer associated with Human Herpes Virus -6 (HHV-6)
Lymphoma
Cancer associated with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Primary Hepatocellular Cancer
Cancer associated with Papillomavirus
Cervical, Penile, and laryngeal cancer
malignant melanoma
Cancer associated with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)
Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
T-Cell variant of hair-cell lymphoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Cancer Risk Factors
1) Age >50
2) hereditary- first degree relative
3) Poverty- less access to healthcare, nutrition and high stress
4) Stress- epinephrine and cortisol alter immunologic surveillance
5) diet- high fat, low fiber
6) occupation
7) infection- viruses
8) lifestyle- smoking, alcohol, drug use, obesity
9) sun exposure
Anorexia- Cachexia Syndrome
Neoplastic cells rob body of nutrition for self growth which causes rapid weight loss and wasting away appearance
neoplastic cells cause increase in glucose which cause anorexia
Grading
Evaluates amount of differentiation of cell and estimates growth based on mitotic rate
Staging
classifies solid tumors and refers to size, as well as extent of disease
Tumor Markers
molecules detectable in serum that indicates tumors
can be: antigens, hormones, proteins, and enzymes
TNM Staging System:
Tumor: TO- no tumor, TIS- tumor in situ, T1-4- degree of tumor growth
Nodes: NO- no node involvement, N1a-N1b: no metastasis, N1b-N3b: metastatic suspected, NX- cannot be clinically assessed
Metastasis: MO- no metastasis, M1-3- degree of metastasis
Colerectal Cancer Screening Guidelines
Occult blood test annually beginning age 50
sigmoidscopcy every 5 years beginning age 50
Colonoscopy every 10 years
Double Contrast Barium every 5 years
Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines
SBE monthly beginning age 20
Clinical exam every 3 years from 20-40 yrs
Mammogram every 3 years from 20-40, and then annually
Cervical and Uterine Cancer Screening Guidelines
Pap smear starting at intercourse or age 21 every 3 years
can be stopped at age 70 if normal
can be stopped with hysterectomy
Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines
Digital rectal exam annually beginning at 50
Health Counselings and Other Cancer Screening Guidelines
every 3 years beginning age 20, annually after 40
Nursing Diagnosis for Cancer
Anxiety Disturbed Body Image Anticipatory Grieving Risk for Infection Risk for Injury Imbalanced Nutrition: less than bodily requirements Impaired Tissue Integrity
Chemotherapy
anti neoplastic drug therapy used to cure, palliation, or prophylaxis
Radiation
Kills cancer cells, works best for localized cancer
can be given to relieve symptoms (palliative) without curative affects
Hyperplasia
Increase in number of cells in response to stress
under DNA control
Metaplasia
loss in normal pattern of differentiation
Normal cell in abnormal area
Under normal control and reversible
Dysplasia
loss of DNA control
abnormal variation in size, shape, appearance, and disturbance in arrangement
Anaplasia
Loss of DNA control
regression of cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type
CAUTION acronym
C- Changes in bowel or bladder A- a sore that doesn't heal U- unusual bleeding/discharge T- thickening or lump I-indigestion or swallowing difficulties N- nagging cough or hoarseness
