Cellular Alteration Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

Mass of new tissue that grows independently and has no physiologic purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Benign

A

Growth that doesn’t endanger life or health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Malignant

A

If not treated, growth will recur, continue to grow, and spread to other sites leading to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metastasis

A

Spreading to other areas of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of Malignant Cells

9 total

A

1) Loss of regulation of mitosis
2) Loss of specialization and differentiation
3) Loss of contact inhibition
4) Progressive acquisition of cancerous phenotype
5) Irreversibility
6) Altered Structure
7) Simplified metabolic activities
8) Transplantability
9) Ability to promote own survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Benign Tumor Characteristics

A

1) local
2) cohesive
3) well-defined borders
4) pushes tissues out of way rather than invade
5) slow growth
6) encapsulated
7) easily removed
8) doesn’t recur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malignant Tumor Characteristics

A

1) invasive
2) noncohesive
3) doesn’t stop at tissue border
4) invades and destroys surrounding tissues
5) rapid growth
6) metastasis
7) not always easy to remove
8) can recur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

origin of cancer development involving cellular mutation, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carcinogens

A

cancer causing substance that causes mutations in cellular DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oncogenes

A

Genes that promote cell proliferation and are capable of triggering cancerous characteristics (such as BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

Normally suppress oncogenes

can be inactive or deleted in mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cancer associated with Herpes Simplex Virus 1 &2 (HSV 1 & 2)

A

Carcinoma of lip
cervical carcinoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancer associated with Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cancer associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

A

Burketts lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cancer associated with Human Herpes Virus -6 (HHV-6)

A

Lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cancer associated with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

A

Primary Hepatocellular Cancer

17
Q

Cancer associated with Papillomavirus

A

Cervical, Penile, and laryngeal cancer

malignant melanoma

18
Q

Cancer associated with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)

A

Adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
T-Cell variant of hair-cell lymphoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma

19
Q

Cancer Risk Factors

A

1) Age >50
2) hereditary- first degree relative
3) Poverty- less access to healthcare, nutrition and high stress
4) Stress- epinephrine and cortisol alter immunologic surveillance
5) diet- high fat, low fiber
6) occupation
7) infection- viruses
8) lifestyle- smoking, alcohol, drug use, obesity
9) sun exposure

20
Q

Anorexia- Cachexia Syndrome

A

Neoplastic cells rob body of nutrition for self growth which causes rapid weight loss and wasting away appearance

neoplastic cells cause increase in glucose which cause anorexia

21
Q

Grading

A

Evaluates amount of differentiation of cell and estimates growth based on mitotic rate

22
Q

Staging

A

classifies solid tumors and refers to size, as well as extent of disease

23
Q

Tumor Markers

A

molecules detectable in serum that indicates tumors

can be: antigens, hormones, proteins, and enzymes

24
Q

TNM Staging System:

A

Tumor: TO- no tumor, TIS- tumor in situ, T1-4- degree of tumor growth

Nodes: NO- no node involvement, N1a-N1b: no metastasis, N1b-N3b: metastatic suspected, NX- cannot be clinically assessed

Metastasis: MO- no metastasis, M1-3- degree of metastasis

25
Q

Colerectal Cancer Screening Guidelines

A

Occult blood test annually beginning age 50
sigmoidscopcy every 5 years beginning age 50
Colonoscopy every 10 years
Double Contrast Barium every 5 years

26
Q

Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines

A

SBE monthly beginning age 20
Clinical exam every 3 years from 20-40 yrs
Mammogram every 3 years from 20-40, and then annually

27
Q

Cervical and Uterine Cancer Screening Guidelines

A

Pap smear starting at intercourse or age 21 every 3 years
can be stopped at age 70 if normal
can be stopped with hysterectomy

28
Q

Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines

A

Digital rectal exam annually beginning at 50

29
Q

Health Counselings and Other Cancer Screening Guidelines

A

every 3 years beginning age 20, annually after 40

30
Q

Nursing Diagnosis for Cancer

A
Anxiety
Disturbed Body Image
Anticipatory Grieving
Risk for Infection
Risk for Injury
Imbalanced Nutrition: less than bodily requirements
Impaired Tissue Integrity
31
Q

Chemotherapy

A

anti neoplastic drug therapy used to cure, palliation, or prophylaxis

32
Q

Radiation

A

Kills cancer cells, works best for localized cancer

can be given to relieve symptoms (palliative) without curative affects

33
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells in response to stress

under DNA control

34
Q

Metaplasia

A

loss in normal pattern of differentiation
Normal cell in abnormal area
Under normal control and reversible

35
Q

Dysplasia

A

loss of DNA control

abnormal variation in size, shape, appearance, and disturbance in arrangement

36
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of DNA control

regression of cell to an immature or undifferentiated cell type

37
Q

CAUTION acronym

A
C- Changes in bowel or bladder
A- a sore that doesn't heal
U- unusual bleeding/discharge 
T- thickening or lump
I-indigestion or swallowing difficulties
N- nagging cough or hoarseness