cellular adaptation, injury and death

Question 1

reversible functional and structural responses to
changes in physiologic states and some pathologic
stimuli

Answer 1

CELLULAR ADAPTATION

Question 2

new but altered steady states are achieved,
allowing the cell to survive and continue to
function

Answer 2

CELLULAR ADAPTATION

Question 3

refers to an increase in the size of cells, that results in an increase in
the size of the affected organ

Answer 3

HYPERTROPHY

Question 4

result of increased production of cellular proteins

Answer 4

HYPERTROPHY

Question 5

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a
stimulus.

Answer 5

HYPERPLASIA

Question 6

result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some
cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Answer 6

HYPERPLASIA

Question 7

PATHOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA

Answer 7

Due to the action of hormones or growth factors occurs in several circumstances

need to increase functional capacity of hormone sensitive organs

need for compensatory increase after damage or resection

Question 8

PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERPLASIA

Answer 8

• caused by excessive or inappropriate actions of hormones or growth factors acting
  on target cells.

Question 9

___ atrophy is common during normal development

Answer 9

Physiologic atrophy

Question 10

___ atrophy has several causes and it can be local or generalized

Answer 10

Pathologic atrophy

Question 11

COMMON CAUSES OF ATROPHY:

Answer 11

Decreased workload

Loss of innervation

Diminished blood supply

Inadequate nutrition

Loss of endocrine
stimulation

Pressure

Question 12

• change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often in response to chronic
  irritation, that makes cells better able to withstand the stress

-usually induced by altered differentiation pathway of tissue stem cells

• may result in reduced functions or increased propensity for malignant
  transformation

Answer 12

METAPLASIA

Question 13

appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and
fluid homeostasis and is the result of failure of energy-
dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane.

Answer 13

Cellular swelling

Question 14

-occurs in hypoxic injury and various forms of toxic or metabolic
injury.

-manifested by the appearance of lipid vacuoles in the
cytoplasm.

Answer 14

Fatty change

Question 15

• First manifestation of most injuries

- Swelling of cells is reversible

Answer 15

CELLULAR SWELLING

Question 16

due to inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis

Answer 16

HYDROPHIC CHANGE

Question 17

• abnormal accumulation of triglyceride within parenchymal cells
• Often seen in the liver major organ involved in fat metabolism

Answer 17

FATTY CHANGE

Question 18

Endogenous pigments

Answer 18

ACCUMULATION OF PIGMENTS

Question 19

MORPHOLOGICAL CELL CHANGES

Answer 19

CELLULAR SWELLING

HYDROPHIC CHANGE

FATTY CHANGE

ACCUMULATION OF PIGMENTS

Question 20

yellowish pigment

Answer 20

BILIRUBIN

Question 21

brownish black pigment

Answer 21

MELANIN

Question 22

iron containing pigment

Answer 22

HEMOSIDERIN

Question 23

black pigment in alkaptonuria

Answer 23

HEMOGENTISIC ACID

Question 24

fine yellow-brown granules

Answer 24

LIPOFUSCIN

Question 25

results when cells are stressed so severely that | they are no longer able to adapt

Answer 25

CELL INJURY

Question 26

- the inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction | - profound disturbances in membrane function

Answer 26

IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY

Question 27

morphologic appearance of necrosis is the result of _____ of ____ and enzymatic digestion of the lethally injured cell

Answer 27

``` denaturation ( 1st blank) intracellular proteins ( 2nd blank) ```

Question 28

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissues can promote recovery of cells if they are reversibly injured, but can also paradoxically exacerbate the injury and cause cell death.

Answer 28

ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY

Question 29

Reperfusion occurs in several mechanisms:

Answer 29

Oxidative stress. Intracellular calcium overload. Inflammation. Activation of the complement system

Question 30

pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate intrinsic enzymes that degrade the cells' own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins

Answer 30

APOPTOSIS

Question 31

Causes of Apoptosis in Physiologic Situations

Answer 31

The destruction of cells during embryogenesis Involution of hormone-dependent tissues upon hormone withdrawal Cell loss in proliferating cell populations Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes Death of host cells that have served their useful purpose

Question 32

Causes of Apoptosis in Pathologic Situations

Answer 32

DNA damage Accumulation of misfolded proteins Cell death in certain infections Pathologic atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction

Question 33

major mechanism of apoptosis in all mammalian cells

Answer 33

``` The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway of Apoptosis ```

Question 34

results from increased permeability of the mitochondrial | outer membrane

Answer 34

``` The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway of Apoptosis ```

Question 35

The release of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins is | tightly controlled by the ___ family of proteins

Answer 35

BCL2 ``` The Intrinsic (Mitochondrial) Pathway of Apoptosis ```

Question 36

is initiated by engagement of plasma membrane death | receptors on a variety of cells

Answer 36

``` The Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway of Apoptosis ```

Question 37

Death receptors are members of the TNF receptor family | that contain a cytoplasmic domain

Answer 37

``` The Extrinsic (Death Receptor-Initiated) Pathway of Apoptosis ```

Question 38

Examples of Apoptosis

Answer 38

1 Growth Factor Deprivation. 2 DNA Damage. 3 Protein Misfolding. 4 Apoptosis Induced by the TF Receptor Family. 5 Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Mediated Apoptosis.

Question 39

form of cell death is a hybrid that shares aspects | of both necrosis and apoptosis

Answer 39

NECROPTOSIS

Question 40

process in which a cell eats its own con- tents (Greek: auto, self; phagy, eating)

Answer 40

AUTOPHAGY

Question 41

involves the delivery of cytoplasmic materials to the lysosome for degradation.

Answer 41

AUTOPHAGY

Question 42

result of a progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and the accumulation of cellular and molecular damage due to the effects of exposure to exogenous influences

Answer 42

CELLULAR AGING

Question 43

Form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissues is preserved at for a span of at least some days

Answer 43

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

Question 44

___ necrosis of the supplied tissue in all organs except the | brain

Answer 44

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

Question 45

digestion of the dead cells, resulting in transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass

Answer 45

LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS

Question 46

seen in focal bacterial or, occasionally, fungal infections | snecific nattern of cell death

Answer 46

LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS

Question 47

not a specific pattern of cell death

Answer 47

GANGRENOUS NECROSIS

Question 48

Usually applied to a limb, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply and has undergone necrosis involving multiple tissue planes

Answer 48

GANGRENOUS NECROSIS

Question 49

encountered most often in foci of tuberculous infection

Answer 49

CASEOUS NECROSIS

Question 50

refers to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from release of activated pancreatic lipase into the substance of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity

Answer 50

FAT NECROSIS

Question 51

special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions | involving blood vessels

Answer 51

FIBRINOID NECROSIS

Question 52

typically occurs when complexes of antigens and anti- bodies are deposited in the walls of arteries

Answer 52

FIBRINOID NECROSIS

Question 53

NUCLEAR CHANGES IN NECROSIS: The basophilia of the chromatin may fade

Answer 53

karyolysis

Question 54

Nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia

Answer 54

pyknosis

Question 55

Pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation

Answer 55

karyorrhexis