Cellular Adaptation Flashcards
What is cellular adaptation
The reversible changes in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity and function inntesponse to the changes in their environment
Examples of cellular adaptation
1.Hypertrophy
2.Hyperplasia
3.Atrophy
4.Metaplasia
5.Dystrophy
6.Dysplasia
7.Anaplasia
What is hypertrophy
1.Enlargement of cells(increase in the size of cells)
2.No new cells are produced
3.The size of the organ increases
How do the cells enlarge in hypertrophy
By the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular components such as proteins and organelles
What is pure hypertrophy
Cells with limited capacity to divide
What are the examples of physiological and pathological hypertrophy
Physiological hypertrophy
1.uterus during pregnancy-due to estrogen stimulation on smooth muscles
2.skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles due to increased workload
Pathological hypertrophy
Hypertension of the heart
What is Hyperplasia
1.Increase in the number of cells
2.The size of the organ increases
3.Proliferation of differentiated cells or progenitor cells
What are the examples of Hyperplasia
1.Hormonal hyperplasia-Proliferation of glandular epithelium of the breast during puberty or pregnancy
2.Compensatory hyperplasia-residual tissue grows after loss or removal of part of an organ
3.Pathological hyperplasia-
Increased estrogen stimulation causes endometrial hyperplasisa
Increased estrogen and androgen stimulation causes benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is atrophy
1.Reduction in the size and the number of cells
2.The size of the organ reduces
What are the causes of atrophy
1.Decreased workload
2.loss of innervation
3.diminished blood supply
4.Inadequate nutrition
5.aging (senile atrophy)
6.loss of endocrine stimulation
7. Loss of hormone stimulation
What is the mechanism of Atrophy
- Decreased protein synthesis due to decreases metabolic activity
- Increased protein degeneration
Nutrient deficiency and disuse-activation of ubiquitin ligase-targets cellular proteins-degeneration of proteins In the proteasome
3.Increased autophagy
What is metaplasia
The change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
Look at the table
Look at the table
