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Abnormal Growth And Development > Carcinogenesis And Carcinogenic Agents > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis And Carcinogenic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A

1.Avoids immune destruction
2. Evades growth suppressors
3.Enables replicative immortality
4.Tumor promoting inflammation
5.Activating invasion and metastasis
6.Genomic instability
7.inducing angiogenesis
8.Resisting cell death
9.Deregulating cellular energetics
10.sustaining proliferation signalling

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2
Q

What are the carcinogenic agents

A

1.chemical carcinogens
2.Radiation effect
3.uv Rays
4.oncogenic microbes (viruses)

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3
Q

What are the major chemical carcinogens

A

1.Organic chemicals
2.Natural pants and microbial products
3.Drugs
4.others

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4
Q

Examples of organic chemicals

A

1.Benzene
2.Aromatic amines
3.Amides
4.Azo dues
5.Herbicides
6.Insecticides

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5
Q

Examples of natural plants and microbial products

A

1.Aflatoxin B1
2.griseofulvin
3.betel nuts

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6
Q

Examples of natural plants and microbial products

A

1.Aflatoxin B1
2.griseofulvin
3.betel nuts

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7
Q

Examples of drugs

A

1.Anticancer drugs
2.Immune suppressing drugs

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8
Q

Examples of other chemical carcinogens that cause cancer

A

1.vinyl chloride
2.Nickel
3.Chromium
4.Insecticides

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9
Q

What are the stages of chemical carcinogenesis

A

1.Initiation
2.promotion
3.progression

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10
Q

Characteristics of Initiated cells

A

Presence of unrepaired DNA damage
-they do not have growth autonomy or genotypic markers typical of cancer.Therefore the initiated cells are susceptible to promoters which induce proliferation

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11
Q

What are promoters

A

Irritants or substances that allows cell activation and proliferation

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12
Q

Are effects of promoters reversible

A

Yes

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13
Q

Instances where promoters cannot induce neoplasia

A

1.Alone
2.if applied before initiator
3.if applied in small amounts
4.if too much time taken between applications

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14
Q

What are pro-carcinogens

A

They require metabolic activation to become carcinogens

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15
Q

Examples of ionizing radiation

A

1.x rays
2.gamma rays
3.alpha,beta,positron,proton,neutron,primary cosmic radiation

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16
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that may lead to mutations when exposed to radiation carcinogenesis

A

1.Direct interaction with DNA
2.Indirect damage mediated by free radicals generated from water or oxygen

17
Q

What are the factors that correlates with mutagenicity of ionizing radiation

A

Radiation quality
Dose and dose rate
Efficiency of host DNA repair
Other factors like age, immune deficiency

18
Q

What are the type of cancers that occur in fair skinned people

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Melano carcinoma

19
Q

What are the factors that lead to mutations when exposed to uv rays

A

Pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA
Activation of T suppressor cells resulting in tumor clones
Individuals with defects in enzymes that mediate DNA excision repair

20
Q

Human papillomavirus causes

A

Laryngeal papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix

21
Q

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) causes

A

Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

22
Q

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C virus causes

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

23
Q

What are the DNA oncogenic viruses

A

Human papilloma virus
Epstein Barr virus
Hepatits B virus
Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus

24
Q

RNA oncogenic virus

A

HTLV-1

25
Q

What does HTLV-1 cause

A

adult T cell lymphoma

26
Q

What are oncogenes

A

Genes that promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells

27
Q

How do oncogenes activate

A

1.balanced translocation
2.chromosomal translocation
3.point mutation
4.deletion
5.amplification
6.cytogenic manifestation of gene amplification

28
Q

Ras gene?

A

An oncogene thats activated by a point mutation

29
Q

What produces an activated tyrosine kinase

A

Translocation of chromosome 9 and 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia creates a fusion gene

30
Q

What are the oncogenes that are amplificated in neuroblastoma and breast cancer

A

N-myc
C-neu

31
Q

What is the function of tumor suppressor genes

A

Regulate cell growth

32
Q

Both alleles of the tumour suppressor gene must be inactivated by mutation for hyperproliferation to occur?

A

Yes

Abnormal Growth And Development (4 decks)

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