Cellular Accumulation Flashcards
List the Pathways or mechanism of abnormal intracellular
accumulations ?
1) A normal substance produced at a normal or an increased rate,
but the metabolic rate is inadequate to remove it.
(2) A normal or an abnormal endogenous substance accumulates
because of genetic or acquired defects in its transport, or
secretion.
(3)An abnormal exogenous substance is deposited and
accumulates because the cell has neither the enzymatic
machinery to degrade the substance nor the ability to
transport it to other sites.
Accumulation of triglycerides: Steatosis (Fatty Change)?
Fatty change is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides inside cells. It is mainly seen in liver, but it is also seen in heart, muscle, and kidney.
Excess accumulation of triglycerides within the hepatocytes occurs when?
an imbalance between the uptake, utilization, & secretion of fat by the affected cell.
The causes of steatosis include
Toxins e.g. alcohol abuse Protein malnutrition, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Anoxia/starvation Pregnancy Severe anemia
Morphology of ?
liver is enlarged, yellow and greasy.
Steatosis
clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm displacing the nucleus to the periphery of the cell. Occasionally, cells rupture, and the fat globules merge, producing a so-called fatty cysts. The lipid stains orange- red with Sudan IV or Oil Red-O stains
Steatosis
Steatosis in liver Morphology?
Morphology of Steatosis in liver: • Gross: In mild cases liver looks normal. In severe cases liver is enlarged, yellow and greasy. • Light microscopy: clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm displacing the nucleus to the periphery of the cell. Occasionally, cells rupture, and the fat globules merge, producing a so-called fatty cysts. The lipid stains orange- red with Sudan IV or Oil Red-O stains
Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters accumulation eg?
Atherosclerosis and Xanthomas
What is the diagnosis?
atherosclerotic plaques, smooth muscle cells and macrophages within the intimal layer of the aorta and large arteries are filled with lipid vacuoles, cells have a foamy appearance (foam cells),
Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters accumulation
Diagnosis is?
Clusters of foamy cells are found in the subepithelial connective tissue of the skin and in tendons, producing masses known..
Xanthomas /Cholesterol and Cholesteryl Esters accumulations
Accumulations of
intracellular proteins seen in
certain types of ?
Cell injury
Eg of protein accumulation?
- The Mallory body in liver
cells in alcoholic liver
disease . - The kidney glomeruli in chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis
- The neurofibrillary protein found in the brain in Alzheimer disease.
Diagnosis is?
The Mallory body in liver
cells in alcoholic liver
disease .
Protein accumulation
Diagnosis is?
The kidney glomeruli in chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis
Protein accumulation
Diagnosis is ?
The neurofibrillary protein found in the brain in Alzheimer disease.
Protein accumulation
Glycogen accumulation eg?
1. In poorly controlled diabetes mellitus : glycogen accumulates in renal tubular epithelium, cardiac myocytes, and β cells of the islets of Langerhans.
2.glycogen storage diseases: these diseases, enzymatic defects in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen result in massive accumulation , with secondary injury and cell death.
In poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glycogen accumulates in renal tubular epithelium, cardiac myocytes, and β cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Diagnosis is?
Glycogen accumulation
enzymatic defects in the synthesis or breakdown of glycogen result in massive accumulation , with secondary injury and cell death.
Glycogen accumulation
Pigments examples and types
- exogenous pigments:
pulmonary accumulation of
carbon, silica, asbestos
bodies and iron dust. - Endogenous: Lipofuscin, Melanin, 3.Hemosiderin, Bilirubin
pulmonary accumulation of
carbon, silica, asbestos
bodies and iron dust
Diagnosis?
exogenous pigments accumulation
Is an insoluble brownish-yellow that accumulates in a variety of tissues (particularly the heart, liver, and brain) as a function of age or atrophy.
Diagnosis is?
Lipofuscin / Endogenous pigments accumulation
brown-black pigment produced in melanocytes • It is synthesized exclusively by melanocytes located in the epidermis and acts as a screen against harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Melanin / Endogenous pigments accumulation
hemoglobin-derived granular pigment that is golden yellow to brown and accumulates in tissues when there is a local or systemic excess of iron.(dietary iron, transfusions, hemolytic anemias)
3.Hemosiderin / Endogenous pigments accumulation
the normal major pigment found in bile. It is derived from hemoglobin. common clinical disorder caused by excesses of this pigment within cells and tissues
Bilirubin / Endogenous pigments accumulation
Pathologic Calcification definition?
Pathologic calcification is the abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts
Types of Pathologic Calcification?
- Dystrophic calcification: is the deposition of calcium in dead
or dying tissues; here the serum calcium levels are normal
and calcium metabolism is normal. - Metastatic calcification: is the deposition of calcium in
normal and healthy tissue; it is seen in hypercalcemia. The
serum calcium levels are elevated, and the calcium
metabolism is abnormal
Dystrophic calcification: examples?
Seen in areas of necrosis or
damage e.g.
• Blood vessels: in the atheromas of advanced atherosclerosis • Heart: in aging or damaged/scarred heart valves. • A tuberculous lymph node can be converted to stone by the calcium. • In fat necrosis.
Metastatic calcification examples?
It is seen mainly in kidneys, lung and stomach. It is associated with hypercalcemia. There are four principal causes of hypercalcemia: a) Hyperparathyroidism: increased secretion of parathyroid hormone b) Destruction of bone in bone tumors c) Vitamin D intoxication/hypervitaminosis D. d) Renal failure (causes retention of phosphate leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism)
Dystrophic calcification morphology
Macroscopically as fine, white granules or clumps, often felt
as gritty deposits.
• Microscopy basophilic, amorphous granular. They can be
intracellular, extracellular, or both.
Cellular adaptation definition?
They are capable of adjusting their structure and functions in response to various physiological and pathological conditions.
cellular adaptation modes ?
- Physiologic adaptations Responses of cells to normal
stimulation by hormones or
endogenous chemical
mediators. - Pathologic adaptations Responses to stress that allow
cells to modulate their structure
and function and thus escape
injury.
The principal or types of adaptive
responses are ?
1.Hypertrophy 2.Hyperplasia 3.Atrophy 4.Metaplasia
Is an increase in the size of the tissue/organ due to the increase in the size
of the cells.
Hypertrophy
not capable of dividing e.g. striated
muscles.
Hypertrophy Physiological eg ?
Breast during lactation • Pregnant uterus
skeletal muscles
Hypertrophic Pathologic eg?
The cardiomyocytes of the myocardium in heart failure (e.g. hypertrophy in hypertension or aortic valve disease).
The cardiomyocytes of the myocardium in heart failure (e.g. hypertrophy in hypertension or aortic valve disease)
Eg of which adaptation
Hypertrophy
Is the increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the
number of cells. ?
Hyperplasia
Physiologic hyperplasia are of two types?
- Hormonal hyperplasia e.g. the proliferation of the glands of the female breast
at puberty and during pregnancy - Compensatory hyperplasia e.g. when a portion of liver is partially resected,
the remaining cells multiply and restore the liver to its original weight.
when a portion of liver is partially resected,
the remaining cells multiply and restore the liver to its original weight.
Eg off ?
Hyperplasia
the proliferation of the glands of the female breast
at puberty and during pregnancy
Eg of ?
Hyperplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia examples ?
Are caused by abnormal excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation e.g. excess estrogen leads to endometrial hyperplasia which causes abnormal menstrual bleeding. Sometimes pathologic hyperplasia acts as the base for cancer to develop from. Thus, patients with hyperplasia of the endometrium are at increased risk of developing endometrial cancer.
excess estrogen leads to endometrial hyperplasia which causes abnormal menstrual bleeding.
Eg of which type or adaptation ?
Pathologic hyperplasia
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
can occur together, e.g.?
The uterus during pregnancy
in which there is smooth muscle
hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
– Benign prostatic hyperplasia
the shrinkage in the size of the cell.
Atrophy
Causes of atrophy include
?
Decreased workload or disuse (e.g.
immobilization of a limb in fracture), Loss of innervation Diminished blood supply, Inadequate nutrition Loss of endocrine stimulation (e.g. the
loss of hormone stimulation in
menopause) Aging: senile atrophy of brain can lead
to dementia.
Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial
or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type .
Metaplasia
Examples of metaplasia: ?
1.Squamous change that occurs in the ciliated columnar
respiratory epithelium in habitual cigarette smokers .
2. Normal stratified squamous epithelium of the lower
esophagus may undergo metaplastic transformation to
gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium due to acid
effect.
1.Squamous change that occurs in the ciliated columnar
respiratory epithelium in habitual cigarette smokers .
Eg of which adaptation?
metaplasia
Normal stratified squamous epithelium of the lower
esophagus may undergo metaplastic transformation to
gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium due to acid
effect.
Which type of adaptation
metaplasia
