Acute Inflammation Flashcards
Inflammation is induced by ?
chemical mediators that are
produced by host cells in response to injurious stimuli.
The steps of the inflammatory response: ?
1) Recognition of the injurious agent, (2) Recruitment of leukocytes (3) Removal of the agent (4) Regulation (control) of the response (5) Resolution (repair)
The external manifestations of inflammation (cardinal signs): ?
1.Heat (calor) 2.Redness (rubor) 3. Swelling (tumor) 4.Pain (dolor) 5.Loss of function (functio laesa)
Acute inflammation : characterized by ? Generally
1.Rapid in onset. 2.Short duration(few minutes to
as long as a few days). 3.Fluid and plasma protein
exudation. 4.Neutrophilic leukocyte
accumulation.
Chronic inflammation Characterized by ? Generally
1.Insidious onset. 2.longer duration (days to years). 3.Influx of lymphocytes and
macrophages. 4.Vascular proliferation and
fibrosis (scarring).
Acute inflammation
Causes ?
1.Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) 2.Trauma. 3.physical and chemical agents . 4.Tissue necrosis. 5.Foreign bodies. 6.Immune reactions.
Acute inflammation has two major components ?
- Vascular changes
2. Cellular events
Vascular Changes in acute inflammation in general ?
1.Transient vasoconstriction (lasting only for seconds)
2.Vasodilation
3. Increase vascular permeability leading to fluid leak and
formation of exudates
4. Arteriolar vasodilation occurs, resulting in locally increased blood
flow
5. redness (erythema) and warmth
6. blood to become more concentrated,
7. increasing blood viscosity
8. slowing the circulation. (stasis).
9. stasis develops, leukocytes (principally neutrophils) begin to
accumulate along the vascular endothelial surface—a process
called margination.
painful
enlargement of the draining lymph nodes is named ?
lymphadenitis
Cellular Events in acute inflammation : Main cells are ?
leukocytes (neutrophils
The cellular events are:
1) Margination and rolling along the vessel wall (2) Firm adhesion to the endothelium. (3) Transmigration between endothelial cells. (4) Migration in interstitial tissues toward chemotactic stimulus.
Process of leukocyte accumulation at the periphery of vessels is
called?
margination
weak and transient interactions involved in rolling are mediated
by?
selectin
Firm adhesion to endothelial surfaces:
This adhesion is mediated by ?
integrins expressed on leukocyte
Migration of leukocytes is driven by?
chemokines
mediates the binding events needed for leukocytes to cross the
endothelium.
?
platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) ,
After passing through the endothelium, leukocytes secret
??? that enable them to pass through the vascular
basement membrane
collagenases
Phagocytosis consists of three steps:
1) Recognition of the particle to the ingesting leukocyte (2) Engulfment and formation of a phagocytic vacuole (3) killing and degradation of the ingested material
Vascular and cellular events in acute inflammation are under control of ?
chemical mediators.
Types of chemical mediators. ?
- CELL DERIVED: • Produced locally by cells at the site of inflammation,
- PLASMA DERIVED: • Derived from circulating inactive precursors that are activated at
the site of inflammation
Example of cell inflammation mediators ?
- Histamine
- Serotonin
Prostaglandin
Examples off plasma derived inflammation mediators a ?
1, complement
- Kinins
- Proteases
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION?
- Serous inflammation
- Fibrinous inflammation
- Suppurative (purulent) inflammation :
- ulcer:
Characterized by watery, relatively protein-poor fluid that ,
collecting in the site of injury ? Which type of MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION:
?
Serous inflammation
skin blister resulting from a burn or viral infection. \
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION?
1.Serous inflammation
Occurs as a consequence of severe injuries, resulting in greater
vascular permeability. Histologically, there is accumulated
extravascular fibrin appears eosinophilic . ?
Fibrinous inflammation
characteristic of inflammation in the lining of
body cavities, such as the meninges, pericardium, and pleura.?
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION:
fibrinous exudate
Characterized by presence of large amounts of purulent exudate (pus)
consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid. Certain
organisms (e.g., staphylococci) are more likely induce the reaction. ?
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION:
?
3.Suppurative (purulent) inflammation :
focal collections of pus. ?
Abscesses
Fluid in a serous cavity is called an?
effusion
Local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is
produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing (shedding) of
inflammatory necrotic tissue.
MORPHOLOGIC PATTERNS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION:
?
ulcer
Ulcer It is most commonly occur in: ?
(1) Inflammatory necrosis of the mucosal surface. (
2) Tissue necrosis of extremities in persons who have circulatory
disturbances.
Out come of acute inflammation: ?
1.Resolution 2.Healing by scarring and fibrosis 3.Progress to chronic inflammation
