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BIOSCI 107 > Cells & Tissues - Systems > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues - Systems Flashcards

1
Q

how does the body regulate its own internal environment?

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

the science of body functions - how the body works

A

Physiology

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4
Q

Name the 4 Basic Tissue types

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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5
Q

The study of tissues of the body

A

Histology

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6
Q

Name the six levels of structural organization of the human body

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System (also known as Organ-System Level)
  6. Organismal
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7
Q

Name the eleven systems of the human body

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Muscular
  3. Skeletal
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Lymphatic and Immune
  7. Cardiovascular
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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8
Q

chemical level - name examples

A

the building blocks of the body - atoms form to make molecules

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9
Q

cellular level

A

basic structural and functional units of the body - smooth muscle cells

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10
Q

tissue level

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function e.g. epithelial tissue

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11
Q

organ level

A

organs are structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue e.g. heart

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12
Q

system level

A

consists of related organs with a common function - digestive system

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13
Q

organismal level

A

all parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism - me

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14
Q

name the 6 components of the integumentary system

Call him so she never sees

A
  1. Cutaneous membranes (epidermis/dermis/hypodermis)
  2. Hair follicles
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Nails
  6. Sensory Receptors
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15
Q

what makes up the cutaneous membrane (skin) + give primary functions

A
  1. Epidermis
    - protects deeper tissues by covering the surface
  2. Dermis
  • Vitamin D production
  • provides nutrients to the epidermis “feeds the epidermis”
  • strength
  • where glands are found
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16
Q

what is the function of the sweat glands?

- and what gland does it include

A

thermoregulation - evaporative cooling via sweat

mammary glands

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17
Q

what is the function of the hair follicle?

- and what are the 2 subsets and functions?

A

A hair follicle is for sensation from innervation nerves

  • hair is for protection
  • sebaceous glands are for lubricating hair shaft and epidermis and removes waste
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18
Q

what is the function of the nails?

A

protecting and stiffening digits

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19
Q

what is the function of the sensory receptors?

A

detects sensations - touch, pressure, temperature & pain

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20
Q

what is the function of the hypodermis?

A

stores fat. the lowest level of the skin

- also attaches skin to deeper layers

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21
Q

what are the two components of the muscular system?

A
  1. Skeletal muscles
    - axial muscles and appendicular muscles
  2. Tendons and apponeuroses
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22
Q

what are the subsets of skeletal muscles and their function?

A
  1. Axial
    - provides support and positioning of the axial skeletal
  2. Appendicular
    - support and move and brace limbs
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23
Q

what is a tendon?

- and what is the connective tissue type?

A

muscle to bones attachments

- has a dense regular connective tissue

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24
Q

what is the function of aponeuroses? - where can you find this?

A

a fibrous muscle to muscle connection (between two different sets of muscle)

e.g. abdominal muscles (6 pack)

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25
Q

what is the function of tendons and aponeuroses?

A

translates contractile forces into tasks

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26
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilage, joints and bone marrow (red and yellow), axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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27
Q

what are the subsets of bone, cartilage, and joints? + function

A

axial skeleton:
- protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thorax

  • support body weight over lower limbs

Appendicular skeleton:
- provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs

  • supports the axial skeleton and aids in movement
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28
Q

what are the 2 subsets of bone marrow and their functions?

A

red
- Red blood cell production (in the flat bones like pelvis, sternum etc.)

yellow
- stores of fat cells/adipocyte storage (cavities of long bones in the medullary cavity(hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow) where the adipose tissue (body fat) is stored

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29
Q

what are the 3 components of the nervous system?

A

CNS
PNS
Special senses

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30
Q

what are the 2 components of the nervous system?

A

CNS

PNS

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31
Q

what is the roles of CNS

A
  1. control center (engages brain and spinal cord)

2. short-term control over other systems

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32
Q

what are the 2 subsets of CNS?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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33
Q

what is the function of the brain?

A
  1. complex integrative activities - tasks information and responds to chemical and neurological inputs to provide an intergrated response for the rest of the body in terms of how it acts/maintains homeostasis
  2. controls voluntary and involuntary tasks
    voluntary - things we can will ourselves to do
    involuntary - actions going on in the background that keep our body functioning
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34
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  1. relays information from the brain

2. performs less complex integrative activities, although still have integrative activities e.g. reflexes

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35
Q

what is the role of PNS

A

links CNS with other systems and sense organs e.g. provides nerve impulse

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36
Q

what is the role of special senses?

A

sensory input to the brain for senses & homeostasis (considered part of the PNS)

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37
Q

what are the 3 components which make the cardiovascular system?

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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38
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels and their functions?

A

capillaries - diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids (fluid between cells)

arteries - carry blood AWAY from the heart to capillaries

veins - returns blood from capillaries to the heart

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39
Q

what are the functions of blood? (6)

A
  1. Transport O2 and CO2
  2. Transports nutrients and hormones
  3. Removes waste
  4. Regulation of temp
  5. Defense against illness (e.g. immune cells)
  6. Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
40
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic vessels

thymus

spleen

lymph nodes - including tonsils

41
Q

what is the role of the thymus?

A

controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes (white blood cells)

42
Q

what is the role of the spleen?

A
  1. recycles red blood cells - removes any old or damages ones
  2. monitors circulation of blood cells - white blood cells/red blood cells/platelets
  3. stimulates immune response
  4. phagocytosis (engulfs) of pathogens
43
Q

what is the role of the lymph nodes?

A
  1. monitor composition of lymph
  2. phagocytosis of pathogens
  3. stimulates immune response
44
Q

what are the common functions of the spleen and lymph nodes?

A

phagocytosis of pathogens and stimulates an immune response

45
Q

what is the role of the lymphatic vessels?

A
  1. carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues (tissues of the immune system) to veins of the cardiovascular system
46
Q

what are the three components of the male repo system?

A

testes
accessory organs
external genitalia

47
Q

what makes up the accessory organs & how are they related in males

A

produces sperm
- both seminal and prostate glands produce seminal fluid/sperm

(ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra)

48
Q

what makes up external male genitalia + function

A

penis - reproduction and thermal

scrotum - control testes

49
Q

what are the 5 components of the female repro system?

A 
ovaries 
uterine tubes 
uterus
vagina and external genitalia
mammary glands
50
Q

what do you find in the ovaries?

A

oocytes and hormones

51
Q

what are the functions of the uterine tubes?

A

delivers oocyte and location of fertilisation

52
Q

what is the role of vagina and external genitalia

A

lubrication and sperm reception and birth canal

53
Q

what is the role of the uterus?

A

embryonic development

54
Q

what is the role of the mammary glands

A

nutrition for new-born

55
Q

what are the 4 components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

56
Q

what is the role of kidneys? (4)

A

form and concentrate urine

regulate pH and ions

blood volume and blood pressure

endocrine function - assists in production of blood cells and mineral balance

57
Q

what do kidneys do in the endocrine system?

A

secretes EPO (erythropoietin hormone) which increases red blood cell production

58
Q

what is the role of the bladder?

A

stores urine before elimination

59
Q

what is the role of the ureters?

A

conducts urine to bladder

60
Q

what is the role of urethra?

A

conducts urine to exterior

61
Q

what are the components of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

lungs

62
Q

what is the role of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

A

filters warm humidify air and detects smells

63
Q

what is the role of the pharynx?

A

conducts air to larynx

64
Q

what is the role of the larynx

A

protects opening to trachea

contains vocal cords for vocalization

65
Q

what is the role of the trachea?

A

conducts/filters air

cartilage keeps it open

66
Q

what is the role of the bronchi?

A

conducts air between trachea and lungs

67
Q

what is the role of the lungs?

A

air movement

gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli

acid base control

68
Q

what are the 9 components of the endocrine system?

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. hypothalamus/pituitary gland
  3. thyroid gland
  4. parathyroid gland
  5. thymus
  6. adrenal glands
  7. kidneys
  8. pancreas
  9. gonads
69
Q

what is the role of the pancreas?

A

in the endocrine system - glucose function secretes insulin from beta cells of pancreas islets of Langerhans

exocrine system - gives out enzymes to aid in digestion

70
Q

what is the role of the thyroid gland?

A

metabolic rate

calcium levels

71
Q

what is the role of the kidney?

A
  • RBC production
  • blood pressure up
  • calcium levels
72
Q

what is the role of thymus?

A

maturation and development of lymphocytes

73
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland?

A

controls many other endocrine glands

regulates growth

regulates fluid balance

74
Q

what is the role of the parathyroid?

A

regulates calcium levels in the blood

75
Q

what is the adrenal gland?

A
  • water and mineral balance e.g. aldosterone
  • tissue metabolism e.g. cortisol
  • cardio and resp function e.g. adrenaline - fight or flight
76
Q

what is the pineal gland

A
  • manages biological rhythms (day/night timing)
77
Q

what is the function of the gonads?

A

produce sperm and ova and secrete hormones - sexual characteristics and reproduction

78
Q

testes and ovaries - which systems?

A

endocrine and reproductive

79
Q

mammary glands - which system?

A

endocrine
integumentary
reproductive

80
Q

thymus - what systems?

A

endocrine

lymphatic

81
Q

kidney - what systems?

A

urinary

endocrine

82
Q

pancreas - what systems?

A

endocrine

digestive

83
Q

production of blood cells - which systems?

A

muscular
skeletal
lymphatic

84
Q

regulation of blood volume- which systems?

A

urinary

endocrine

85
Q

pharynx - what systems?

A

digestive

respiratory

86
Q

urethra - which systems?

A

male reproductive system

urinary

87
Q

transport of O2 and CO2 - which systems?

A

CV

respiratory

88
Q

acid base regulation - what system?

A

respiratory
cardiov
endocrine

89
Q

what are the 10 components of the digestive system

A

oral cavity

salivary glands

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intest

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

large in

90
Q

function of gallbladder?

A

concentrates bile

91
Q

function of oral cavity?

A

breaks up food working with teeth and tongue

92
Q

function of the pancreas in digestive?

A

digestive enzymes

buffers

endocrine cells

93
Q

function of salivary glands?

A

buffers and lubricant

enzymes that begin digestion - amylase etc.

94
Q

function of stomach?

A

secretes acid (HCl)

contains enzymes and hormones

95
Q

function of liver?

A

secretes bile

regulates nutrients in blood

96
Q

function of small intest

A

digestive enzymes buffers contain hormones and absorb nutrients

97
Q

function of large intest?

A

water removal

waste storage and removal

BIOSCI 107 (3 decks)

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