Cells & Tissues of the plant body Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently

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2
Q

What is a plant tissue?

A

groups of cells that are structurally and/or functionally distinct.

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3
Q

What is primary growth?

A

Initiated by the apical meristems and primarily involved with extension of the plant body— often the vertical growth of a plant

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4
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

thickens the stem and root, results from
the activity of lateral meristem

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5
Q

What is the meristem?

A

The tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated
cells.
It is found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.

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6
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

Meristems (tissue of undifferentiated cells) that are:
- Found at the tips of all roots and stems
- Involved primarily with extension of the plant body

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7
Q

What are “initials” cells?

A

Cells that maintain the meristem by providing a constant source of new cells

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8
Q

What are “derivative” cells?

A

New body cells derived from initials

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9
Q

What benefit is there to using apical meristem culture to produce new plants?

A

They are a virus free segment of the plant, therefore if original plant is viral, this will produce genetically identical yet virus free.

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10
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems and the primary tissues they supply?

A

Protoderm –> Epidermis
Ground meristem –> Ground tissues
Procambium –> Primary xylem and phloem

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11
Q

What does plant growth involve?

A
  • cell division and enlargement
  • irreversible increase in size
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12
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Plant development to assume a particular shape or
form.

Involves the expansion of tissue which is then followed by another event called ‘differentiation’

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Cells change to specialise

Differentiation begins during cell enlargement

The fate of a plant cell is determined by its final position in the developing organ

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14
Q

What is a simple tissue?

A

Composed of only one type of cell

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15
Q

What is a complex tissue?

A

Composed of two or more cell types

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16
Q

What are the 3 tissue systems?

A

-The ground (or fundamental) tissue system
-The vascular tissue system
-The dermal tissue system

17
Q

What is the ground tissue system comprised of?

A

Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

17
Q

What is the ground tissue system comprised of?

A

Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

17
Q

What is the ground tissue system comprised of?

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

17
Q

What is the ground tissue system comprised of?

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

17
Q

What is the ground tissue system comprised of?

A

Parenchyma,
Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

18
Q

What is a parenchyma cell?

A

They:
- Variable in shape and size
- Capable of cell division
- Occur as continuous masses (e.g. in the cortex and pith)
- have primary walls, some parenchyma cells also have secondary walls
- Have the ability to become embryonic cells and to develop into an entire plant
- Involved in Photosynthesis, Storage, and Secretion

19
Q

What is a collenchyma cell?

A

They:
- are Typically elongated
- Unevenly thickened walls
- Non- lignified primary walls
- Well adapted for the support of young, growing organs.
- Occur in discrete strands or as continuous cylinders beneath the epidermis in stems and petioles (leaf stalks).

20
Q

What are sclerenchyma Cells? Describe….

A
  • Sclerenchyma cells can form continuous masses
    as sclerenchyma tissue or occur in small groups, or individually, or among other
    cells.
  • Develop in any or all parts of the primary and secondary plant bodies and often lack protoplasts at maturity.
  • thick, often lignified, secondary walls.

Important
- strengthening and supporting elements in plant parts that have ceased elongating

21
Q

What is a plant fibre?

A

Essentially a type of sclerenchyma

22
Q

Xylem does what?

A

Transfers water and minerals up the plant.

23
Q

Where is xylem derived from in primary body vs secondary plant growth?

A

The procambium for primary
The cambium for secondary.

24
Q

Vessel elements are apart of xylem, describe them.

A
  • Perforated
  • These perforations generally occur on the end walls, forming long continuous columns or tubes called vessels.
  • Generally more efficient conductors of water than the tracheids
25
Q

Tracheids are a part of xylem, describe them.

A
  • Lack perforations
  • The only water conducting cell found in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
26
Q

What is the function of phloem?

A

Conducts food/energy around the plant.

27
Q

What is protophloem?

A

The first formed, primary phloem.

28
Q

What is metaphloem?

A

Differentiates after protophloem
It is the only phloem conducting food in adult plant parts for plants without secondary growth

29
Q

Sieve cells are apart of phloem, describe them.

A
  • The only food conducting cells in gymnosperms
  • contains narrow pores that are uniform in structure.
30
Q

What are albuminous cells?

A
  • Specialised parenchyma cells
  • play a role in delivery of substances to sieve elements (in phloem)
  • Die when their associated sieve elements die.
31
Q

What is the dermal system comprised of (plant parts)?

A

This is the epidermis and constitutes the tissue of:
- leaves, floral parts, fruits and seeds
- stems and roots until they undergo considerable secondary growth

32
Q

Describe epidermal cells

A
  • Compactly arranged,
  • aerial parts are covered with a waxy cuticle
  • The epidermis controls elongation of the entire organ in stems and sheaths
33
Q

Describe guard cells and their function.

A

Regulate the small pores (stomata) in order to allow gas exchange and water loss.

34
Q

Describe trichomes and their function.

A

These are any hairs on the plant, including:
- little root hairs that help with the absorption of water and minerals from soil
- Leaf hairs to provide defense against insects and to secrete salt from leaf tissues (think salt bush). Or help catch insects for carnivorous plants.

35
Q

What is periderm?

A

A secondary protective tissue that replaces epidermis in stems an roots undergoing secondary growth.