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Biology > Cells, tissues and organs > Flashcards

Cells, tissues and organs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle found in many living cells containing genetic information

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1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The water-based gel in which the organelles of all living cells are suspended. The site of chemical reactions

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

The membrane around the contents of a cell which controls what moves in and out of the cell

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of aerobic respiration in a cell

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3
Q

Ribosome

A

The site of protein synthesis in a cell

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3
Q

Protein synthesis

A

The process by which proteins are made on the ribosomes based on information from the genes in the nucleus

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4
Q

Algal cell

A

The cells of algae, single celled or simple multicellular organisms, which can photosynthesise but are not plants

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4
Q

Label the parts of this cell and describe their function

A
  • Nucleus: controls the cell’s activities
  • Cytoplasm: site for chemical reactions
  • Cell membrane: controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
  • Mitochondria: where energy is released during respiration
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
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5
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure which surrounds the cells of living organisms apart from animals

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

A big carbohydrate molecule which makes up plant and algal cell walls

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6
Q

Chloroplasts

A

The organelles in which photosynthesis takes place

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6
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment contained in the chloroplasts

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7
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

A space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap which is there all the time

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7
Q

Label the parts of this cell and describe their function. Which of these are specific to this cell?

A
  • Nucleus: controls the cell’s activities
  • Cytoplasm: site for chemical reactions
  • Cell membrane: controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
  • Mitochondria: where energy is released during respiration
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

The following are only found in plant or agal cells:

  • Cell wall: supports the cell’s structure
  • Chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis; absorb light to make food
  • Permanent vacuole: contains cell sap
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8
Q

Genetic material

A

The DNA which carries the instructions for making a new cell or individual

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8
Q

Bacterial colony

A

A population of billions of bacteria grown in culture

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9
Q

Label the parts of this cell and describe their function. Which of these are specific to this cell?

A
  • Cytoplasm: site for chemical reactions
  • Cell membrane: controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
  • Mitochondria: where energy is released during respiration
  • Cell wall: supports the cell’s structure
  • Genetic material: found loose in the cytoplasm, as opposed to being kept in the nucleus

The following are specific to a bacterium:

  • Slime capsule: protects the bacteria from dangers in its surroundings
  • Plasmids: seperate molecules of DNA
  • Flagella: used for movement and propulsion
9
Q

Label the parts of this cell and describe their function

A
  • Nucleus: controls the cell’s activities
  • Cytoplasm: site for chemical reactions
  • Cell membrane: controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
  • Cell wall: supports the cell’s structure
10
Q

Give examples of a specialised cell

Specialised

A

Adapted for a particular function. Examples include: neurons, sperm cells, root hair cells, fat cells and red blood cells

12
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles of a gas or a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration along a concentration gradient

13
Q

Net movement

A

The overal movement of a substance

13
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The gradient between an area where a substance is at high concentration and an area where it is at low concentration

14
Q

Amino acid

A

The building blocks of proteins

14
Q

Multicellular organism

A

An organism which is made up of many different cells which work together - some cells are specialised for different functions in the organism

15
Q

Differentiate

A

Specialise for a particular function

15
Q

Muscle tissue

A

The tissue which makes up muscles - it can contract and relax

16
Q

Glandular tissue

A

The tissue which makes up the glands and secretes chemicals such as enzymes or hormones

16
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue made up of relatively unspecialised cells which line the tubes and organs of the body

17
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

The tissue of the epidermis - the outer layer of a plant

17
Q

Mesophyll

A

The tissue in a green plant where photosynthesis takes place

18
Q

Xylem

A

The non-living transport tissue in plants, which transports water around the plant

18
Q

Phloem

A

The living transport tissue in plants which carries sugars around the plant

19
Q

Digestive juice

A

The mixture of enzymes and other chemicals produced by the digestive system

19
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a specific function

20
Q

Small intestine

A

The region of the digestive system where most of the digestion takes place

20
Q

What kind of tissues might you find in an animal, and what are their functions?

A
  • Muscle tissue: contracts and relaxes
  • Glandular tissue: secretes enzymes or hormones
  • Epithelial tissue: lines the tubes and organs of the body
21
Q

What kind of tissues might you find in an plant, and what are their functions?

A
  • Epidermal tissue: the outer layer of an organism
  • Mesophyll: site of photosynthesis
  • Xylem and phloem: transports substances around the plant
21
Q

What is the purpose of the tissues in the stomach?

A
  • Muscle tissue: churns the stomach’s contents
  • Glandular tissue: produces digestive juices
  • Epithelial tissue: covers the outside and inside of the stomach
22
Q

What are the organs of the digestive system, and what are their functions?

A
  • Mouth: food is physically broken down, and the salivary glands secrete amylase, which starts to digest carbohydrates
  • Oesophagus: sends food down to the stomach by peristalsis
  • Stomach: churns and digests food, while glands produce digestive juices
  • Liver: produces bile, an alkali emulsifier
  • Small intestine: further digests and then absorbs food
  • Large intestine: absorbs water and food
22
Q

Insoluble molecule

A

A molecule which will not dissolve in a particular solvent such as water

23
Q

Digestive system

A

The organ system where food is digested

23
Q

Salivary gland

A

A gland in the mouth producing saliva, which contains the enzyme amylase

Biology (6 decks)

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