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Biomedical sciences > Cells, Tissues and Organs > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues and Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Disease

A

Incidence
Aetiology
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Sequelae
Outcome
Treatment

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1
Q

what is a Disease

A

An abnormal variation in the structure and or function of any part of the body which manifests as a characteristic set of signs and symptoms

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2
Q

Incidence

A

how often the disease is seen, usually expressed cases per 100,00 of the population

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3
Q

Aetiology

A

what causes the disease

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4
Q

Pathogenesis

A

The mechanism by which the disease is caused

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5
Q

Pathology

A

The nature of the disease itself

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6
Q

Sequelae

A

The consequences that happen because of the disease

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7
Q

Outcome

A

The endpoint of the disease

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8
Q

Treatment

A

How the disease is managed

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9
Q

Histopathology

A

the study of the pathology of cells and tissues

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10
Q

what are tissues?

A

tissues are groups of similar cells that come together to perform a common function

the tissue structure is relate to its function

cells in the tissue have specialism

each type of tissue define its functions

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11
Q

tissue preparation:

A
  1. fixation
  2. dehydration
  3. embedding
  4. sectioning
  5. staining
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12
Q

fixation

A

Critical firsts step in preservation of histological sections

tissues are persevered as close to natural state as possible for examination
- this maintains cell and tissue morphology
- prevents decay and autolysis
- Terminates any ongoing biochemical reactions
- crosslinks proteins
- kills microorganisms

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13
Q

Dehydration

A

series of alcohol solutions of ascending concentrations

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14
Q

embedding

A

parafin and ecpoxy resin

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15
Q

staining

A

staining is the process of colouring cells

it is the union between a dye and tissue substrate that resists simple washing

BASIC DYES are CATIONIC and will stain ANIONIC or ACID MATERIAL. mostly used as nuclear stains

ACIDIC DYES are ANIONIC and will stain CATIONIC or basic groups such as amino groups. Mostly used to stain protein in the cytoplasm and connective tissues

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16
Q

Electron Microscopy

A
  1. Transmission Electron Microscopy

(electron beam passes through the material)

  1. Scanning Electron Microscopy

(Electron beam reflects off surface)

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17
Q

Properties of cells (specialisation)

A

Irritability
Conductivity
Contractility
Absorption and Assimilation
Excretion and Secretion
Respiration
Growth and Reproduction

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18
Q

Absorption vs Assimilation

A

Absorption - process of taking digested simple molecules into bloodstream/Lyh via the intestinal villi and microvilli

Assimilation- the process of sythesising new compounds from the absorbed molecules

19
Q

Reproduction vs Growth

A

Reproduction - making copies of yourself and pass on genetic information

Growth - getting bigger and developing

Reproduction is a way to make organisms that can GROW

Growth is a way to generate the materials for REPRODUCTION

20
Q

What are the 3 essential properties of cells

A

Growth
reproduction
nourishment

21
Q

Cell Potency

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent

22
Q

Totipotent

A

The ability to develop into all tissues

  • embryonic
    endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
  • Extra-embryonic
    Placental, minion, chorion
23
Q

Pluripotent

A

ability to develop into many things

ability to develop into all cells and tissues of the body
>210 differentiated adult cell types

24
Q

Multipotent

A

Ability to differentiate into a small number of different cell types

24
Q

Unipotent

A

Ability to develop into only a single cell tye

25
Q

consequences of Cell Differentiation

A

1) loss of potentiality (only ovum is Totipotent)

2) Apparent loss of reproduction

26
Q

The 12 Organ systems

A

Integumentary system
Skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
Lymphatic System
Immune system
Respiratory system
Digestiv system
urinary system
redproductive systems

27
Q

4 types of human Body tissue

A

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Nervous tissue

Muscle tissue

28
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Epithelial tissue or epithelium forms the outer covering of the skin and also linesthe body cavity. It forms the lining of respiratory, digestive, reproductive andexcretory tracts. They perform various functions such as absorption, protection,sensation and secretion.

29
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Protection: As it covers the entire body surface, it is the first line ofdefence against any kind of mechanical injury, chemical exposure,excessive fluid loss and infections. Ciliary projections present in thenose or upper respiratory tract, trap the dust particles and prevent itfrom entering the bodyAbsorption: The epithelial lining of the digestive tract absorbs waterand nutrientsExchange of substances: Epithelial tissue regulates the exchangeof substances between body and external environment as well as theinternal exchange between different parts of the body. Everything thatenters the body or enters the bloodstream by absorption has to crossthe epithelial barrierSensation: Sensory receptors are present in the epithelial tissue ofthe nose, eyes and ears, taste bud, etc. that help in transmittingsignals from the external stimuli to the brainSecretion: Various glands made up of epithelial cells secretehormones, enzymes, saliva, mucus, sweat, etc

30
Q

classification of Epithelium

A

cell shape of surface:
- squamous (the and flat cells)
- Cuboidal (short cylindrical cells)
- Columnar (long or column like, cylindrical cels, which have nucleus present at the base)

Number of cell layers
- Simple Epithelium
- Compound (stratified0 epithelium

31
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Glandular epithelium, also known as glandular tissue, refers to a type of epithelialtissue involved in the production and release of different secretory products, such assweat, saliva, breast milk, digestive enzymes, and hormones, among many othersubstances

32
Q

What Is a connective Tissue

A

support and connectdifferent tissues and organs of the body

Connective tissue is made up of a few cells present in theintercellular framework of protein fibres secreted by the cells,known as collagen or elastin

33
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

1) Loose connective tissue
2) Dense connective tissue
3) Specialised connective tissues

  • bone
  • cartilage
  • blood
  • adipose tissue
34
Q

Connective Tissue

A

connects and supports all other tissues

composed of cells, intercellular substances

divided into loose, dense based on proportions of cells/fibres/ ground substances

35
Q

two types of connective tissues

A

Loose connective tissue- forms frameworks of organs (storm)

Dense connective tissue gives mechanical support and contains many fibres arranged to absorb strains, stresses

36
Q

three types of fibres in connective tissues

A

collagen
elastic
reticular

37
Q

collagen fibres

A

the most widespread Ade up of fibrous protein, collagen. Collagen fired are flexile and have high tensile strength (comparable to steel)E

38
Q

Elastic Fibres

A

Elastic fibres form a network and can be stretched like arubber band. They are made up of protein elastin. They retain their original shape and size once the force is removed

39
Q

Reticulare fibres

A

consist of collagen and glycoproteins.They are thin and form a delicate network. They join connective tissues to neighbouring tissues

40
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

41
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte
Monocyte

42
Q

3 types of muscle tissues

A

1) Smooth (involuntary)
2) Skeletal (voluntary)
3) Cardiac (Involuntary)

43
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

*These are non-striated, involuntary muscles controlled by the Autonomous Nervous System.
*It stimulates the contractility of the digestive, urinary,reproductive systems, blood vessels, and airways.
*The actin and myosin filaments are very thin andarranged randomly, hence no striations.
*The cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus.

44
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

These muscles are attached to theskeleton and help in its movement

40% of our body mass comprisesskeletal muscles.

Controlled voluntarilyby the sensory-somaticnervous system.

45
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

*These are found only in the heart.
*These are involuntary muscles and the heart pumps theblood through cardiac contractions.
*The cells of the cardiac muscles known as thecardiomyocytes are striated.
*They are single-celled and uninucleated.
*The ends of the cells are joined and the junctions are calledintercalated discs. The cells are attached to each other bydesmosomes.

Biomedical sciences (4 decks)

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