cells - parts of a cell

Question 1

all cells have…..

Answer 1

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Question 2

prokaryotic

Answer 2

• no nuceleus
• no membrane-bound organelles
• binary fission
• unicellular
• cell walls (peptidoglycan)
• found in bacteria

Question 3

cell organization

Answer 3

tissues 🡪 organs 🡪 organ systems

Question 4

eukaryotic

Answer 4

• nucleus
• membrane-bound organelles
• mitosis
• uni/multicellular
• cell walls fungi and plants (made of chitin/cellulose)
• found in animals, plants, fungi, protists

Question 5

organelles

Answer 5

specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the cell function

Question 6

cell (plasma) membrane

Answer 6

• controls what goes in/out of a cell
• ALL cells
• surrounds outside of cells
• made of 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer)
• critical for communication & maintaining a stable internal environment (homeostasis)

Question 7

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

• 2 layers of fats:

- fats = phospholipids: Have hydrophilic (likes water) heads and hydrophobic (dislikes water) tails

Question 8

cytoskeleton

Answer 8

• made of thread-like fibers
• made of proteins
• gives the cell shape
• can move organelles around
• Provide structural support for animal cells (who don’t have a cell wall)

Question 9

cytoplasm

Answer 9

Structure:
Jelly-like substance
Mainly made up of water

Job:
Holds everything in place
Provides a solution for chemical reactions to take place in

Question 10

nucleus

Answer 10

Structure:
Contains genetic material (DNA)
When DNA appears spread out = chromatin
When DNA condenses it forms chromosomes
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane with pores that control what goes in and out

Job:
Protects the DNA that controls the activities of the cell

Question 11

nucleolus

Answer 11

Structure
Inside of the nucleus

Job
Makes rRNA which make up ribosomes

Question 12

ribosomes

Answer 12

Structure
Made of proteins and rRNA
Located on Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm

Job
Make proteins in a process called translation
Ribosomes on Rough ER make proteins to export out of cell
Ribosomes floating in cytoplasm make proteins to use within the cell

Question 13

ROUGH ER

Answer 13

Structure

• Has ribosomes on surface
• Hugs the nucleus

Job

• Makes proteins!!!
• Packages them for secretion, send in vesicles to Golgi

Question 14

SMOOTH ER
(Endoplasmic Reticulum)

Answer 14

Structure:
No ribosomes on surface
Attached to Rough ER

Job:
Makes lipids (membrane)
Stores Ca^+2 (trigger for many cell responses)

Question 15

GOLGI APPARATUS

Answer 15

Structure
Folded membrane

Job
Gets vesicles of protein from the ER
Vesicles: like mini-carts that transport proteins around the cell
Processes, sorts, and ships proteins where needed

Question 16

lysosomes

Answer 16

Structure
Contain enzymes

Job
Break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, old parts of cell, etc.)
Can do programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 17

vacuoles

Answer 17

Structure:
Small and numerous in animal cells
One large central one in plant cells

Job:
Storage (water, nutrients, waste, etc.)

Question 18

centriolles

Answer 18

• animals cells

Structure
Made of microtubules
2 centrioles together = centrosome

Job
Appear during cell division
Help cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart

Question 19

cilia/flagella

Answer 19

Structure
Cilia: shorter, more numerous, like tiny oars
Similar projections that are short and numerous but don’t move are called microvilli
Flagella: longer, fewer (1-3)

Job
Cilia: move fluid across cell’s surface
Flagella: move entire cell through extracellular fluid

• animal & bacteria cells only

Question 20

mitochondria

Answer 20

Structure
Two parts: inner membrane and matrix (fluid part)

Job
Where cellular respiration happens
C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Breaks down chemical energy in food to release usable energy in the form of ATP

Question 21

chloroplast

Answer 21

Structure
Two parts: grana (stacks) and stroma (fluid)

Job
Where photosynthesis happens
6CO2 + 6H2O 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Converts light energy from sun 🡪 chemical energy in sugar

Question 22

cell wall

Answer 22

Structure
Made of cellulose (in plants), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

Job
Protect and maintain shape

• bacteria and fungi cells only

Question 23

central vacuole

Answer 23

Structure
1 massive central structure

Job
Storage center