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module 102: T3 molecular cell biology > cells, organelles, stem cells > Flashcards

cells, organelles, stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the roles of the cell membrane?

A
  • regulate transport of solutes
  • mediate cell to cell communication
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2
Q

What are the roles of mitochondria?

A
  • site of ATP generation
  • clustered in cells that have high energy
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3
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria?

A
  • permeable outer membrane
  • less preamble inner membrane, folded into cristae
  • inside is the matrix
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4
Q

What is the role of the golgi apparatus?

A

modify, package, sort, proteins and lipids

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5
Q

What are lysosomes and their role?

A
  • small irregular cytoplasmic vesicles
  • packed with degradation enzymes
  • principal sites of intracellular digestion
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6
Q

What is the main function of peroxisomes?

A
  • oxidation reactions for the breakdown of fatty acids
  • detoxify toxic substances such as ethanol (via catalase)
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7
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A
  • small cytoplasmic vesicles
  • contained environment for reactive H202 generation
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8
Q

What is the main function of cytosol?

A
  • contains meany metabolic pathways
  • protein synthesis
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9
Q

What is the main function of the nucleus?

A
  • contains main genome
  • DNA and RNA synthesis (nucleolus)
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10
Q

What are the main functions of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • synthesis of most lipids
  • synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and to the plasma membrane
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11
Q

What is the main function of endosomes?

A

sorting of endocytosed material

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12
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • pulls chromosomes apart during mitosis
  • guides the intracellular traffic of organelles, proteins and RNA
  • supports plasma membrane
  • enables some cells to move
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13
Q

What are the 3 major components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
  • actin filaments
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14
Q

Describe the intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton

A
  • twisted into ropes and provide tensile strength
  • needed to maintain cell shape
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15
Q

Identify the fibrous proteins used in the intermediate filaments in various cells

A
  • KERATIN: epithelial cells
  • VIMENTIN: many other cells
  • NEUROFILAMENT: neurones
  • IAMINS: nucleus
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16
Q

Describe the microtubules in the cytoskeleton

A
  • polymers of tubulin dimers
  • form the spindle fibre in mitosis
  • important in cell shape and movement
17
Q

What are haemopoietic stem cells?

A

stem cells that can differentiate into all type of blood cells

18
Q

What are the advantages of Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS)?

A
  • cells taken from patient should not elicit immune response
  • fewer ethical issues
  • any cell type could be replaced (theoretically)
19
Q

What are the disadvantages of IPS?

A
  • more basic research needs to be done on developmental pathways
  • transplanted stem cells could develop into cancer cells
20
Q

What are the two ways a cell can die?

A
  • apoptosis
  • necrosis
21
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • programmed cell death
  • normal pathway for cell death
  • triggered as signalling processes within the cell activate intracellular suicide proteases
22
Q

How do intracellular suicide proteases carry out apoptosis?

A
  • degrade intracellular structures and organelles
  • collapse the cytoskeleton
  • fragment the cell into mini-cells, which are then engulfed by phagocytes
23
Q

Why is apoptosis the normal pathway for cell death?

A

the apoptosic cell dies neatly without damaging its neighbours

24
Q

What is necrosis?

A

where cells simply lyse and burst

25
Q

How is necrosis carried out?

A
  • cell membrane integrity is destroyed
  • cell soluble contents are released into the tissue fluids
  • cell components are degraded by the action of extracellular enzymes
  • phagocytic cells enfold fragment remains
26
Q

What kind of stem cells do adults have?

A

multipotent

module 102: T3 molecular cell biology (16 decks)

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