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LCRS - Neuroscience > Cells of the Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurones supported by?

A

Neuroglia

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2
Q

Abundance of neuroglia compared with neurones?

A

9:1 neuroglia more abundant

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3
Q

Neuronal components? (6)

A 
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminals
Synapse
Neuronal cytoskeleton
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4
Q

Neuronal cell body (soma) features?

Consider its high involvement in protein manufacture, packaging and secretion.

A 
Large nucleus and prominent nucleolus
Abundant rough ER and free ribosomes
Well developed Golgi
Large number of mitochondria
Large number of lysosomes
Highly organised cytoskeleton
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5
Q

Neuronal dendrite features?

A

Spread from soma
Branch frequently
Increase surface area of the neurone
Covered in protrusions called DENDRITIC SPINES

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6
Q

Difference in diameter further away from cell body between axons and dendrites?

A 
Dendrites = diameter decreases further away from cell body
Axons = diameter does not change no matter how far from cell body
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7
Q

Neuronal axon features?

A

Emerge at axon hillock
Usually only one per cell but may branch extensively after leaving cell body/at target cell
Prominent microtubules and intermediate filaments (neurofilaments)
Can be myelinated or unmyelinated
Consists of 3 domains

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8
Q

Function of dendrites?

A

Input - Major area of reception of incoming information to the cell body

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9
Q

Function of axon?

A

Output - Conducts impulses away from the cell body

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10
Q

Where are action potentials generated in the neurone?

A

Axon hillock

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11
Q

Domains of the axon?

A

Node - consists of Na+ channels
Paranode - next to the node
Juxtaparanode - next to the paranode, consists of K+ channels

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12
Q

What do axons form near their target?

A

Terminal branches

Synaptic terminals - Bouton/Varicosities

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13
Q

Features and location of Bouton synaptic terminals?

A

Large, bulb-like structures at the end of the terminal branches (pre-synaptic knob)

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14
Q

Features and location of varicosities (synaptic terminals)?

A

Swelling-like structures along the axon (multiple in an axon)
Form along smooth muscle so one axon can stimulate contraction of multiple smooth muscle cells

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15
Q

How are synaptic vesicles packaged and transported?

A

Packaged in Golgi and transported by FAST ANTEROGRADE transport

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16
Q

Synapse features?

A

Specialised mechanism for association of synaptic vesicles with plasma membrane (release of neurotransmitters)
Abundant mitochondria

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17
Q

Neuronal cytoskeleton components?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

18
Q

Neuronal cytoskeleton functions?

A

Maintain axon tensile strength

Transport of proteins

19
Q

Types of intracellular transport in neurones?

A

Fast axonal transport
Anterograde transport - both FAST and SLOW
Fast retrograde transport

20
Q

Fast axonal transport function, mechanism and speed?

A

Transport of MEMBRANE to different compartments
Vesicles with associated motors move along the axon
100-400mm per day

21
Q

Anterograde transport definition?

A

Transport of materials needed for neurotransmission and survival away from cell body

22
Q

Fast anterograde transport components, speed, and mechanism?

A

Synaptic vesicles, transmitters, mitochondria
400mm per day
Moves materials along microtubular network using specific molecular motors - requires ATP

23
Q

What is slow anterograde transport?

A

Cytoplasmic flow of soluble constituents away from cell body

24
Q

What is fast retrograde transport?

A

Return of organelles and transport of substances from extracellular space
Uses different molecular motors

25
Q

Anterograde moving vesicles and retrograde moving vesicles, same or different?

A

DIFFERENT - morphologically and biochemically different

26
Q

Morphological subtypes of neurones?

A

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Golgi type I multipolar
Golgi type II multipolar

27
Q

Location, shape and function of pseudounipolar neurones?

A

Dorsal root ganglia sensory neurones
Two fused axonal processes with a soma branching off
Act as a continuous cable carrying action potentials from peripheral receptor organ to central terminal in spinal cord (sensory organ to spinal cord)

28
Q

Shape and location of bipolar neurones?

A

Two axonal processes extending from central soma

Found in cerebral cortex, retina

29
Q

Features of Golgi Type I multipolar neurones?

A

Highly branched dendritic trees
Long axons
Pyramidal cerebral cortex cells - output

30
Q

Features of Golgi Type II multipolar neurones?

A

Highly branched dendritic trees
Short axons
Excitatory input to cortical pyramidal cells

31
Q

Functional subtypes of neurones?

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurones

32
Q

Features of sensory neurones?

A

Commonly pseudounipolar

Conducts impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

33
Q

Features of motor neurones?

A

Generally multipolar with large soma

Conduct impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

34
Q

Features of interneurons?

A

Cell bodies and processes remain within CNS
Make up majority of neurones within CNS
Large multipolar or small bipolar

35
Q

Functions of interneurons?

A

Modification, coordination, integration facilitation and inhibition between sensory input and motor output

36
Q

CNS functional neurone groups?

A 
Nucleus
Laminae
Ganglion
Fibre tracts
Nerves
37
Q

What is a nucleus group of neurones?

A

Group of UNENCAPSULATED neuronal cell bodies within CNS

38
Q

What are laminae?

A

Layers of neurones of similar type and function (cerebral cortex/cerebellar grey matter)

39
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Group of ENCAPSULATED neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

40
Q

What are fibre tracts?

A

Groups or bundles of axons in the CNS

Mixture of myelinated and unmyelinated

41
Q

What are nerves, functions?

A

Discrete bundles of axons
Often mixed sensory and motor neurones
Bring information to CNS from sensory receptors
Bring axons from CNS to effector organs

LCRS - Neuroscience (18 decks)

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