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Pathophysiology > Cells Of The Immune System > Flashcards

Cells Of The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

monocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
B-cells

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2
Q

What are the adaptive system cells

A

T cells

  1. Helper
  2. Cytotoxic

B cells

  1. Naive
  2. Plasma
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3
Q

What are the professional APC cells?

A

B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

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4
Q

What are the non-professional APC cells?

A
  1. Epithelial cells

2. Keratocytes

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5
Q

What are the receptors on T cells that accept signal from APC’s ?

A
  1. CD 40

2. CD 28

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6
Q

What are the types of molecules on the surface of the APC cells?

A
  1. Class I MHC —> non-professional APCs

2. Class II MHC —> professional APCs

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7
Q

What is the hematopoietic cell?

A

self-renewing cells that can differentiate into other cell types (pluripotent/multipotent) by a process called hematopoiesis.

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8
Q

What are the cells produced by hematopoietic cells?

A
  1. Myeloid

2. Lymphoid

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9
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes ( macrophages )
T cells
B cells

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10
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils ( mast cells ) —>largest granulocyte
NK-cells

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11
Q 
What is characteristics of 
A. Eosinophil
B. Neutrophils
C. Basophils
D. Monocytes
E. Lymphocyte
A

A. Bilobed / acid-loving / bright red or pink
B. 3-6 lobes ( polymorphnuclear cells ) / most abundant / if the Pt has many neutrophils —> need antibiotic —> if still high then it is viral
C. Highly basic / highly granular
D. Kidney shaped nucleus / largest WBC in blood / in tissues —> macrophages —> APC
E. T and B cells

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12
Q

What happens when monocytes diff to macrophages.

A
  1. ⬆️ cell size
  2. ⬆️ no. And complexity of organelles
  3. ⬆️ phagocytes ability
    R. ⬆️ Levels of hydrolytic enzymes and soluble factors
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13
Q

What are the funds of monocytes?

A
  1. phagocytosis (macrophages)
  2. antigen presentation
  3. cytokine production
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14
Q

What is the main activator of macrophages?

A

IFN Gama sec by Th-1 cell

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15
Q

What are the funds of neutrophils?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. oxygen dependent cytotoxicity
  3. non-oxygen-dependent cytotoxicity
  4. neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
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16
Q

What is the non oxidative cytotoxicity granules ?

A
  1. Myeloperoxidase
  2. bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI)
  3. defensins
  4. serine proteases neutrophil elastase
  5. cathepsin G
  6. Alkaline phosphatase
  7. lysozyme
  8. NADPH oxidase
  9. collagenase
  10. lactoferrin
  11. histaminase
  12. cathelicidin
  13. Cathepsin
  14. gelatinase
  15. collagenase
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17
Q

What happens in the oxygen dependent cytotoxicity ?

A

Gives free radicals so it kills the microbe and cause tissue injury ( fights the protection but makes damage )

NADPH oxidase is inactive and unfunctional until there is a ligand that’s activated it by bringing all its parts together

Glutathione is a reducing agent that opposes the effect of it

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18
Q

What are the free radicals produced by oxygen cytotoxicity

A
  1. H2O2
  2. Hydrochloride acid
  3. Hydroxyl
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19
Q

What is the web of NET composed of ?

A

Chromatin and serine protease

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20
Q

What happens to the bacteria trapped in NET?

A

Killed by oxidative or non-oxidative mechanisms

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21
Q

What are the types of cell killing?

A
  1. Autophagy
  2. Apoptosis
  3. Necrosis
  4. Netosis
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22
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A
  1. play a major role in response to infection with multicellular parasites.
  2. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma (Th-2 mediated immune response).

مشتركة مع اللي بعدها في انها ليها دور في الحساسية و مشتركة مع اللي قبلها في انها phagocyte

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23
Q

What does the small granules of eosinophils contain?

A
  1. Chemical mediators e.g. histamines
2. Proteins e.g. 
A. eosinophil peroxidase
B. RNase
C. DNase
D. lipase
E. plasminogen,
F. major basic protein
24
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A
  1. First non-phagocytes cell
2. Play a role in acute and chronic allergic diseases (Th2- immune response), including:
A. anaphylaxis
B. asthma
C. atopic dermatitis
D. hay fever
  1. production of mediators e.g.
    A. histamine
    B. serotonin
    C. heparin
25
Q

What is special about mast cells?

A

Not in the blood only in tissues

26
Q

What is the function of basophils ?

A
  1. secrete large amounts of histamine

2. plays a role in allergic reactions.

27
Q

What does DC!s have?

A
  1. Class II MHC

2. co-stimulatory molecules

28
Q

What are the characteristics of follicular DC’s

A
  1. 🚫 class II MHC
  2. In lymph follicles ( rich in B cells )
  3. Express ⬆️ levels of mem receptors for antibodies, needed for B cell responses
  4. 🚫 arise from BM
29
Q

What are naïve lymphocytes?

A

cell that have not previously been stimulated by antigens, are at rest

30
Q

What is clinal expansion

A

increased size and number of antigen-specific clone.

31
Q

What is special about NK cells?

A

Called “natural killers” because they do not require activation to kill cells that are missing “self” markers of MHC class I.

• Harmful cells (virus or tumor infected) that are missing MHC class I markers cannot be detected and destroyed by T-cells.

Note:
T helper and cytotoxic need signal from class II MHC ( helper ) or classI ( cytotoxic )
but NK cells don’t need stimulation from class I or Class II
32
Q

What are the funcs of NK?

A
  1. Cell lysis bcz it has perforin and granzymes ( protease )
  2. ADCC bcz it has CD16 which is a mem receptor for the carbonyl-terminal end ( the Fc region ) of the IgG molecules that detects the infected cells optimized by antibodies
  3. Kills the infected cell which removed the class I MHC molecules
34
Q

What are perforins?

A

forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell —> create an aqueous channel through which the granzymes and associated
molecules enter —> induce either apoptosis or osmotic cell lysis.

35
Q

What are the cells that secretes interferon Gama?

A

NKT cells and it activates macrophages

36
Q

What are the molecules on the surface of B cells ?

A
  1. Ig receptor ( Fc receptors )
  2. B220
  3. Class II MHC
  4. Complement receptor: CR1 and CR2 ( they are the main activators of the comp system )
37
Q

What is the function of TCR ?

A

Recognize antigens that are bound to MHC molecules

UNLIKE B cells which recognize the antigens freely

38
Q

What is the marker on T suppressor ?

A

FOXP3

39
Q

What is the function of T cytotoxic

A
  1. secrete few cytokines

2. mainly recognize and eliminate altered self-cells and some pathogens.

40
Q

What are the keratinocytes?

A

Secrete various cytokines to induce a local inflammatory response and may act as non-professional APCs.

41
Q

What are the langerhans cells?

A

a type of DCs which process the antigen to activate Th cells.

42
Q

What is the function oof variable domain ?

A

Determine idiotype

43
Q

What is the function of heavy chains ?

A

Determine the isotope

44
Q

What are the types of light and heavy chains ?

A

L: K/Lamda

H: Gama / miu / sigma

45
Q

What is the function of hinge region?

A

Improve flexibility

46
Q

What is the function of fc?

A
  1. ADCC
  2. Complement fixation
  3. Binds to phagocytes
47
Q

What is the function of paratopes?

A
  1. Traps antigen
  2. Neutralization
  3. Direct anti-microbial
48
Q

What are the characteristics of IgM?

A
  1. First Ig:
    A. Produced in an 1ry immune response
    B. Synthesized in a neonate
  2. Most eff in binding to an antigen
  3. Capable of agglutination: clumping antigens into large aggregates
  4. More eff in comp activation
49
Q

What is the requirements of comp activation?

A

complement activation requires 2 Fc regions in close proximity

IgG fulfills this requirement

50
Q

What is the function of IgG 1 3 4 ?

A

1,3,4 : cross the placenta
3; most effective comp activator
1,3: bind with high affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells and mediate opsonization.

51
Q

What are Alfa defensins?

A

They directly kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls.

52
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Binds to the Fc receptors on the membrane of basophils and mast cells to induce degranulation resulting in allergic manifestation or mediate effector functions needed for anti-parasitic defense.

53
Q

What is the major effector function of the antibody mediated responses (humoral branch of the immune response)?

A

Complement system

54
Q

How can the complement components be activated ?

A

1, classic pathway: antigen-antibody dependent

  1. Alternative: antigen-antibody independent
55
Q

What are the mechanisms of complement system ?

A
  1. MAC attack (Cb6/7/8/9 )
  2. Inflammatory response ( C3a/4a/5a )
  3. Opsonization ( C3b ): ADCC with the help of comp system
  4. Solubilization and clearance of immune complexes by the liver/spleen macrophages ( C3b )
56
Q

Why is any APC a phagocytic cell?

A

Bcz it engulfs the antigen and presents it

57
Q

How does IgA exist in the serum and in the external secretions

A

Serum : monomers

Sec: dimerization

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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