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Cells Of The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

monocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
B-cells

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2
Q

What are the adaptive system cells

A

T cells

  1. Helper
  2. Cytotoxic

B cells

  1. Naive
  2. Plasma
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3
Q

What are the professional APC cells?

A

B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

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4
Q

What are the non-professional APC cells?

A
  1. Epithelial cells

2. Keratocytes

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5
Q

What are the receptors on T cells that accept signal from APC’s ?

A
  1. CD 40

2. CD 28

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6
Q

What are the types of molecules on the surface of the APC cells?

A
  1. Class I MHC —> non-professional APCs

2. Class II MHC —> professional APCs

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7
Q

What is the hematopoietic cell?

A

self-renewing cells that can differentiate into other cell types (pluripotent/multipotent) by a process called hematopoiesis.

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8
Q

What are the cells produced by hematopoietic cells?

A
  1. Myeloid

2. Lymphoid

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9
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes ( macrophages )
T cells
B cells

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10
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils ( mast cells ) —>largest granulocyte
NK-cells

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11
Q 
What is characteristics of 
A. Eosinophil
B. Neutrophils
C. Basophils
D. Monocytes
E. Lymphocyte
A

A. Bilobed / acid-loving / bright red or pink
B. 3-6 lobes ( polymorphnuclear cells ) / most abundant / if the Pt has many neutrophils —> need antibiotic —> if still high then it is viral
C. Highly basic / highly granular
D. Kidney shaped nucleus / largest WBC in blood / in tissues —> macrophages —> APC
E. T and B cells

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12
Q

What happens when monocytes diff to macrophages.

A
  1. ⬆️ cell size
  2. ⬆️ no. And complexity of organelles
  3. ⬆️ phagocytes ability
    R. ⬆️ Levels of hydrolytic enzymes and soluble factors
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13
Q

What are the funds of monocytes?

A
  1. phagocytosis (macrophages)
  2. antigen presentation
  3. cytokine production
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14
Q

What is the main activator of macrophages?

A

IFN Gama sec by Th-1 cell

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15
Q

What are the funds of neutrophils?

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. oxygen dependent cytotoxicity
  3. non-oxygen-dependent cytotoxicity
  4. neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
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16
Q

What is the non oxidative cytotoxicity granules ?

A
  1. Myeloperoxidase
  2. bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI)
  3. defensins
  4. serine proteases neutrophil elastase
  5. cathepsin G
  6. Alkaline phosphatase
  7. lysozyme
  8. NADPH oxidase
  9. collagenase
  10. lactoferrin
  11. histaminase
  12. cathelicidin
  13. Cathepsin
  14. gelatinase
  15. collagenase
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17
Q

What happens in the oxygen dependent cytotoxicity ?

A

Gives free radicals so it kills the microbe and cause tissue injury ( fights the protection but makes damage )

NADPH oxidase is inactive and unfunctional until there is a ligand that’s activated it by bringing all its parts together

Glutathione is a reducing agent that opposes the effect of it

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18
Q

What are the free radicals produced by oxygen cytotoxicity

A
  1. H2O2
  2. Hydrochloride acid
  3. Hydroxyl
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19
Q

What is the web of NET composed of ?

A

Chromatin and serine protease

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20
Q

What happens to the bacteria trapped in NET?

A

Killed by oxidative or non-oxidative mechanisms

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21
Q

What are the types of cell killing?

A
  1. Autophagy
  2. Apoptosis
  3. Necrosis
  4. Netosis
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22
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A
  1. play a major role in response to infection with multicellular parasites.
  2. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma (Th-2 mediated immune response).

مشتركة مع اللي بعدها في انها ليها دور في الحساسية و مشتركة مع اللي قبلها في انها phagocyte

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23
Q

What does the small granules of eosinophils contain?

A
  1. Chemical mediators e.g. histamines
2. Proteins e.g. 
A. eosinophil peroxidase
B. RNase
C. DNase
D. lipase
E. plasminogen,
F. major basic protein
24
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A
  1. First non-phagocytes cell
2. Play a role in acute and chronic allergic diseases (Th2- immune response), including:
A. anaphylaxis
B. asthma
C. atopic dermatitis
D. hay fever
  1. production of mediators e.g.
    A. histamine
    B. serotonin
    C. heparin
25
What is special about mast cells?
Not in the blood only in tissues
26
What is the function of basophils ?
1. secrete large amounts of histamine | 2. plays a role in allergic reactions.
27
What does DC!s have?
1. Class II MHC | 2. co-stimulatory molecules
28
What are the characteristics of follicular DC’s
1. 🚫 class II MHC 2. In lymph follicles ( rich in B cells ) 3. Express ⬆️ levels of mem receptors for antibodies, needed for B cell responses 4. 🚫 arise from BM
29
What are naïve lymphocytes?
cell that have not previously been stimulated by antigens, are at rest
30
What is clinal expansion
increased size and number of antigen-specific clone.
31
What is special about NK cells?
Called "natural killers" because they do not require activation to kill cells that are missing "self" markers of MHC class I. • Harmful cells (virus or tumor infected) that are missing MHC class I markers cannot be detected and destroyed by T-cells. ``` Note: T helper and cytotoxic need signal from class II MHC ( helper ) or classI ( cytotoxic ) but NK cells don’t need stimulation from class I or Class II ```
32
What are the funcs of NK?
1. Cell lysis bcz it has perforin and granzymes ( protease ) 2. ADCC bcz it has CD16 which is a mem receptor for the carbonyl-terminal end ( the Fc region ) of the IgG molecules that detects the infected cells optimized by antibodies 3. Kills the infected cell which removed the class I MHC molecules
34
What are perforins?
forms pores in the cell membrane of the target cell —> create an aqueous channel through which the granzymes and associated molecules enter —> induce either apoptosis or osmotic cell lysis.
35
What are the cells that secretes interferon Gama?
NKT cells and it activates macrophages
36
What are the molecules on the surface of B cells ?
1. Ig receptor ( Fc receptors ) 2. B220 3. Class II MHC 4. Complement receptor: CR1 and CR2 ( they are the main activators of the comp system )
37
What is the function of TCR ?
Recognize antigens that are bound to MHC molecules UNLIKE B cells which recognize the antigens freely
38
What is the marker on T suppressor ?
FOXP3
39
What is the function of T cytotoxic
1. secrete few cytokines | 2. mainly recognize and eliminate altered self-cells and some pathogens.
40
What are the keratinocytes?
Secrete various cytokines to induce a local inflammatory response and may act as non-professional APCs.
41
What are the langerhans cells?
a type of DCs which process the antigen to activate Th cells.
42
What is the function oof variable domain ?
Determine idiotype
43
What is the function of heavy chains ?
Determine the isotope
44
What are the types of light and heavy chains ?
L: K/Lamda H: Gama / miu / sigma
45
What is the function of hinge region?
Improve flexibility
46
What is the function of fc?
1. ADCC 2. Complement fixation 3. Binds to phagocytes
47
What is the function of paratopes?
1. Traps antigen 2. Neutralization 3. Direct anti-microbial
48
What are the characteristics of IgM?
1. First Ig: A. Produced in an 1ry immune response B. Synthesized in a neonate 2. Most eff in binding to an antigen 3. Capable of agglutination: clumping antigens into large aggregates 4. More eff in comp activation
49
What is the requirements of comp activation?
complement activation requires 2 Fc regions in close proximity IgG fulfills this requirement
50
What is the function of IgG 1 3 4 ?
1,3,4 : cross the placenta 3; most effective comp activator 1,3: bind with high affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells and mediate opsonization.
51
What are Alfa defensins?
They directly kill bacteria by disrupting their cell walls.
52
What is the function of IgE?
Binds to the Fc receptors on the membrane of basophils and mast cells to induce degranulation resulting in allergic manifestation or mediate effector functions needed for anti-parasitic defense.
53
What is the major effector function of the antibody mediated responses (humoral branch of the immune response)?
Complement system
54
How can the complement components be activated ?
1, classic pathway: antigen-antibody dependent 2. Alternative: antigen-antibody independent
55
What are the mechanisms of complement system ?
1. MAC attack (Cb6/7/8/9 ) 2. Inflammatory response ( C3a/4a/5a ) 3. Opsonization ( C3b ): ADCC with the help of comp system 4. Solubilization and clearance of immune complexes by the liver/spleen macrophages ( C3b )
56
Why is any APC a phagocytic cell?
Bcz it engulfs the antigen and presents it
57
How does IgA exist in the serum and in the external secretions
Serum : monomers Sec: dimerization

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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