Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > 1. Anaerobic Cells > Flashcards

1. Anaerobic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the aerobic bacteria and give an example?

A
  1. Req O2
  2. Energy is derived from oxidative reactions

Ex: MYCOBACTERIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are anaerobic bacteria?

A
  1. Do not use oxygen for growth or metabolism
  2. Obtain their energy from fermentation reactions
  3. Obligate anaerobes are destroyed when exposed to the atmosphere for as briefly as 10 minutes

Ex: BACTEROIDES and CLOSTRIDIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give examples of anaerobic bacteria?

A
  1. Bacteroides

2. Clostridium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the capnophilic bacteria?

A

Not only remove O2 but provide them with CO2 to grow them

If we want to cultivate them we have to add coal or source of CO2 to be able to grow them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that can live with O2 or without O2

Ex: ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the microaerophilic bacteria ?

A
  1. Req little O2 to grow
  2. Fail to grow in full open air
  3. Minimal growth in anaerobic conditions

Ex: CAMPYLOBACTER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are bacteroides and clostridium gram + or - ?

A

Bacteroides are -

Clostridium are +

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the sources of infection with anaerobes?

A
  1. Primary cause —> Injury to the tissues (i.e., cuts, puncture wounds, or trauma) especially at or adjacent to the mucous membranes —> allows anaerobes entry into sterile areas of the body
  2. introduction of spores into a normally sterile site

Info: enterbacteriacae don’t produce spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does spore-producing anaerobes live ?

A

Soil and water and may be introduced in wounds and punctures (tattoos and drugs injections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are spores?

A
  1. Found in the soil, air , and inanimate objects.
  2. Found for long time
  3. Dormant cells —> don’t perform any activity
  4. Dont need O2 or nutrients or any conds
  5. In the soil until a person ingests them or get infected by them —> they germinate —> they give back the cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the anaerobic bacteria in our body?

A

A. Mouth
B. GI tract
As part of NORMAL FLORA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is most likely to have anaerobic bacteria in their bodies?

A

A. Immunocompromised
B. Ones treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics
C. Decaying tissue injury near or on mucous mems, especially if the site is foul smelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples on immunocomprimised people?

A
  1. Chemotherapy

2. HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the signs of infection?

A
  1. Decaying tissue injury on or near mucous membranes
  2. Laceration
  3. Tearing of tissues with bad smell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the bacteroides ?

A

A. Gram -
B. Anaerobes
C. Slender rods or coccobacilli ( short bacilli and thick )
D. Non-sporing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the bacteroides inhabit normally?

A
  1. Resp tract
  2. Intestinal tract
  3. Female genital tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do you know about bacteroides infections?

A

Usually associated with bacterial infections

Superinfection —> come with another infection already found.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bacteroides are most commonly found in which type of infections?

A

A. Intra-abdominal infections
B. Soft tissue infections
C. Liver infection
D. Rectal abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What may be the consequences of bacteroides infections if not treated ?

A

A. Bacteremia: the bacteria themselves in the body

B. Endocarditis

20
Q

What is clostridium?

A

A. Gram +
B. Spore-forming —> VF
C. Bacilli

21
Q

Where can we find clostridium?

A

A. Nature
B. Soil
C. Intestinal tract of humans and animals

22
Q

Explain the saprophytic existence of clostridium

A

A. Independent

B. Don’t cause any harm

23
Q

What does clostridium do?

A

Play a major role in degradation of organic materials in the soil and other nature environments

24
Q

Does clostridia have exotoxins or endotoxins?

A

Exotoxins and are pathogenic for humans and animals

25
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

A. Toxins released to the outside
B. Not part of the structure of the bacteria
C. Excreted while bacteria is growing and alive
D. Usually heat labile ( sensitive ) —> denatured or fragment them

HEAT STABLE IS E.coli

Endotoxins are very very heat stable

Both exo and endotoxins are very toxic to our body

26
Q

What are the human pathogen species of clostridium?

A

A. Botulism —> C.botulinum —> food poisoning from can food
B. Tetanus —> C. tetani —> الكزاز —> we have vaccine for it
C. Gas gangrene —> C. perfringens
D. Antibiotic associated enterocolitis —> C. Difficle

27
Q

Where can you find C.tetani?

A

A. Soil
B. Feces
C. Digestive tract of animals and humans

28
Q

What causes infections of C.tetani ?

A

Exotoxins but they can be destroyed by intestinal enzymes

29
Q

Where can you find the spores of C.tetani?

A

All around the environment but they germinate under favorable conds —> while growing —> produce toxins

30
Q

What is the disease caused by C.tetani?

A

Tetanus or lockjaw is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system —> paralysis with spasms —> mortality is very high 40% especially in very young and the aged

31
Q

When does tetanus occur?

A 
following minor injuries and trauma including:
A. nail puncture wounds
B. insect bites
C. splinter injuries
D. gunshot wounds
E. burns
F. lacerations
G. fractures

Deep puncture wounds are most dangerous —> bacillus thrives in an anaerobic environment

32
Q

What are the syms of tetanus?

A

A. stiffness of the jaw (lockjaw)
B. Stiffness of facial muscles
C. Difficulty in breathing may occur
D. severe convulsions may occur

33
Q

Is there a vaccine for tetanus?

A

Yes

Vaccine consists of the toxoid —> Given at childhood as part of the DPT

Adults —> booster doses —> every 10 years

34
Q

Wherever the spores of C. Botulinum found?

A

In the environment

CANNED FOOD —> FAVORABLE

35
Q

What is associated with infanrpts botulism?

A

Ingestion of honey so not given bef 1 year

36
Q

What is the type of toxins secreted by C.botulinum?

A

Heat labile neurotoxins —> most poisonous substances known and pose a great threat as an agent of biological warfare

Cause paralysis like tetanus but with weakness not spasms

It is estimated that 1g of aerosolized botulism toxin has the potential to kill 1.5 million people

37
Q

How is botulinum treated?

A

By antitoxin

38
Q

What does the forms of botulinum depend on?

A

Route of acquisition ( entry )

39
Q

What are the forms of botulinum?

A

1- Food-borne botulism: follows the ingestion of preformed toxin or spores in foods that have not been canned or preserved properly.

2- Wound botulism: caused by systemic spread of toxin produced by organisms inhabiting wounds (trauma, surgery, subcutaneous heroin injection, etc )—> opening up the skin barrier and exposing soft tissues

3- Infant botulism: results from intestinal colonization of organisms in infants younger than 1 year,bcz normal intestinal flora may not have developed to the degree that prevents colonization by these organisms in healthy adults.

4- Inhalational botulism: has recently been described. Aerosolization and inhalation of botulinum toxin/spores is considered a likely method for poison delivery in a bioterrorist attack

40
Q

What are C.perfringens ?

A

A. It is ubiquitous —> means found almost everywhere

B. All Types of infections can be found

C. Special in gangrene —> death of the cell with lots of gas prod —> black decaying tissues

D. Associated with food poisoning

41
Q

Where can you find C. Perfringens

A 
nature 
normal component of decaying vegetation
marine sediment
the intestinal tract of humans
other vertebrates
insects
soil with exception of sands of the Sahara
42
Q

What is caused by C.perfringens infections?

A 
A. Tissue necrosis
B. Bacteremia —> lead to death 
C. Gas gangrene —> when soft tissues are contaminated with the bacteria in case of : 
1. Trauma 
2. Septic abortion
3. War wounds
43
Q

What is the toxin in gas gangrene?

A

Toxin —> inserts into the plasma membrane of cells —> producing gaps in the membrane —> disrupt normal cellular function —> tissue necrosis

44
Q

What is C.difficile?

A

A. Opputunistic

B.part of the normal flora of the GI

C. Resistant to most antibiotics —> if infected with helicobacter previously and it’s a chronic inf and need long term antibiotics —> not destroying only helicobacter but also the normal flora in the gut but the resistant will persist

D. Cause colitis

45
Q

What happens after or during the use of antibiotics in presence of C.difficile ?

A

Normal flora supp

C.Difficile prod toxins —> limited or under some suppression but when other bacteria are removed —> lots of toxins

46
Q

What are the syms of C.difficile?

A

diarrhea alone to diarrhea associated with necrosis of mucosa and accumulation of inflammatory cells ( bcz of the toxin ) and fibrin in the colon, condition is called pseudomembranous colitis —> make another lining of the colon inside —> diff to treat bcz resistant to almost everything

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions