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Immunology > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

In the adult human, hematopoiesis takes place in the ___ ___

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

In the fetus, hematopoiesis takes place in the ___ ___ and ___

A

bone marrow and liver

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3
Q

In regards to the myeloid lineage, erythrocytes are involved in ____ transport

A

oxygen

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4
Q

What are the three types of myeloid leukocytes?

A 
polymorphonuclear granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages, monocytes)
dendritic cells
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5
Q

Erythropoietin is also known as what? and Is used for what?

A

EPO; reverse anemia by restoring RBCs

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6
Q

What is G-CSF also known as? What is it used for?

A

Filgastrim; recovery of bone marrow

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7
Q

What is GM-CSF also known as? What is it used for?

A

Sargramostim; recovery of bone marrow (PMNs, monocytes, macrophages)

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8
Q

What is IL-11 also known as? What is it used for?

A

Oprelvekin; reverse thrombocytopenia (platelets)

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9
Q

What is thrombopoietin also known as? What is it used for?

A

TPO; reverse thrombocytopenia (platelets)

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10
Q

The average adult body contains ____ total lymphocytes accounting for 2% of body weight.

A

10^12

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11
Q

What are the CD markers for B lymphocytes and what is the major cell function?

A

CD19, CD20, CD21; antibody secretion

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12
Q

What are the CD markers for Helper T lymphocytes and what is the major cell function?

A

CD3, CD4; Promote immunity through cytokine secretion

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13
Q

What are the CD markers for Regulatory T cells and what is the major cell function?

A

CD3, CD4, CD25; Prevent autoimmunity

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14
Q

What are the CD markers for Cytotoxic T cells and what is the major cell function?

A

CD3, CD8; Kill infected cells, tumors, and graft cells

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15
Q

What are the CD markers for NK cells and what is the major cell function?

A

CD16, CD56; kill infected cells, tumors, and graft cells

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16
Q

B cells are so-called because they mature in the ___ ___ and were first discovered in the ___ of Fabricius in birds

A

bone marrow; bursa

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17
Q

All B cells display surface Ig/antibody (slg) that act as the B cell’s ___ ____

A

antigen receptor

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18
Q

Antibodies are glycoproteins that neutralize toxins often by interfering with what?

A

their adherence to receptors on host cells

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19
Q

Antibodies activate complement, leading to what?

A

target cell lysis

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20
Q

When antigen binds to the slg on the B cell, the B cell undergoes ___ ____ and proliferation; within ___ weeks, there is an army of identical (clonal) B cells responding to the antigen

A

clonal selection; 2

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21
Q

B cells may differentiate into plasma cells which secrete large amounts of ____

A

antibodies

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22
Q

B cells may differentiate into memory B cells that can survive ___ years or more in the absence of antigen

A

20

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23
Q

What is the anamnestic immune response?

A

upon secondary contact with antigen, memory cells proliferate rapidly and begin active antibody secretion

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24
Q

T cells mature in the ____

A

thymus

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25
Q

All T cells posses the ____ for antigen on their surface and the ___ marker that facilitates transmembrane signal transduction

A

TCR; CD3

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26
Q

In regards to helper T cells, TH1 cells promote ___ by macrophages, monocytes, Tc, and NK cells

A

CMI

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27
Q

In regards to helper T cells, TH2 cells promote humoral immunity how?

A

by stimulating B cells to make antibodies

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28
Q

In regards to helper T cells, TH17 cells promote immunity to extracellular pathogens and play a role in ____

A

autoimmunity

29
Q

All TH cells express the ___ marker

A

CD4

30
Q

These T cells inhibit the functions of macrophages, monocytes, TH1, TH17, Tc, and NK cells

A

Regulatory T (Treg) cells

31
Q

NK cells participate in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Describe what occurs during this process

A
  1. infected or damaged host cells become coated with IgG
  2. The CD16 molecule on the NK cell binds to the IgG coating the target cells
  3. This contact causes the NK cell to release toxic enzymes and /or to induce apoptosis in the target cell
32
Q

All cells of the ___ lineage participate in innate immunity

A

myeloid

33
Q

Monocytes and macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Monocytes are found in the ____ and macrophages are ___-____

A

circulation; tissue-fixed

34
Q

Monocytes and macrophages function in ____ and ___ ____

A

phagocytosis; antigen presentation

35
Q

In regards to phagocytosis, the chemical f-met-leu-phe produced by bacteria induces macrophage ___

A

chemotaxis

36
Q

Phagocytes bind to microorganisms via _____-_____ interactions. Opsonins aid in this process.

A

receptor-ligand

37
Q

A ____ forms around bacteria by extension of the phagocyte’s pseudopodium.

A

phagosome

38
Q

The enzyme lysozome in the phagolysozome destroys peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall. This is called ___ ___

A

antigen processing

39
Q

____ are produced by the phagocyte during the respiratory burst and help to kill the bacteria

A

ROS

40
Q

In regards to antigen presentation, peptide antigens from the bacteria are paired up with ___ ____ molecules produced by the macrophage

A

major histocompatibility

41
Q

In regards to antigen presentation, the microbial peptide-MHC complexes are transported to the surface of the macrophage, where the complexes interact with ___ cells

A

T

42
Q

In regards to antigen presentation, the T cells respond to this interaction by producing ___ or becoming ___ cells

A

cytokines (TH or Treg cells); cytotoxic (Tc)

43
Q

In regards to antigen presentation, the t cells cannot recognize or respond to antigens unless the antigens have been processed and presented in conjunction with self ___ molecules by an ____-____ cell

A

MHC; antigen-presenting

44
Q

MHC I binds to ____ on Tc cells

MHC II binds to ____ on TH cells

A

CD8; CD4

45
Q

Dendritic cells are related to macrophages and are found where?

A

under the epithelia an din most organs

46
Q

In the skin, dendritic cells are called ____ cells

A

Langerhans

47
Q

The dendritic cells are the most efficient APCs. True or false?

A

true

48
Q

Describe antigen processing and presentation by dendritic cells

A
  1. antigens are taken up by DCs by pinocytosis or by endocytosis
  2. vacuole containing the antigen is called the endosome - fuses with a lysosome
  3. antigens are digested in the endolysosome and are paired with MHC molecules
  4. antigenic peptides/MHC complexes are transported to the surface of the DC for interaction with T cells
49
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast cells are all _____ granulocytes

A

polymorphonuclear

50
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils? Secondary function?

A

phagocytosis, especially for extracellular bacteria; promote inflammation

51
Q

Neutrophils possess Fc receptors for which immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

52
Q

Neutrophils have purple-staining cytoplasmic granules. The primary granules contain what? The secondary granules contain what?

A

primary: acid hydrolases, lysozyme, defensins
secondary: lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase

53
Q

Where are neutrophil’s granules released? At what rate?

A

released from bone marrow at the rate of 7 million per minute

54
Q

How long do a neutrophil’s granules live in the circulation?

A

2-3 days

note: disintegrate rapidly upon emigrating to tissue

55
Q

Eosinophils posses Fc receptors for which immunoglobulins?

A

IgE, IgG

note: allows cells to participate in ADCC

56
Q

Eosinophils have a ___ nucleus and cytoplasmic granules that stain ___ with acidic dyes like eosin

A

bilobed; red

57
Q

Eosinophils contain specific granules that contain ___ ___ protein

A

major basic

58
Q

These are the lease prevalent of the leukocytes in the blood stream. They are short-lived.

A

basophils

59
Q

Basophils posses a high affinity Fc receptor for which immunoglobulin

A

IgE

60
Q

Basophils have a ___ nucleus and cytoplasmic granules that stain ___ with metachromatic dyes

A

multilobed; blue

61
Q

Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells both play a role in fighting ___ infections

A

parasitic (worm)

62
Q

Basophils and mast cells release chemical mediators of immediate hypersensitivity/allergy, especially ____

A

histamine

63
Q

These leukocytes are tissue-fixed, long-lived cells in connective tissue and mucosa

A

mast cells

64
Q

Mast cells possess high affinity Fc receptors for which immunoglobulin?

A

IgE

65
Q

This is a cell of the megakaryocytic lineage. It is a large cell with a lobulated nucleus found in the bone marrow.

A

megakaryocyte

66
Q

Megakaryocytic give rise to ____

A

platelets

67
Q

These ceases are of the megakaryocytic lineage. They are inoculate cells that promote blood clotting and inflammation

A

platelets/thrombocytes

68
Q

Platelets/thrombocytes bind to ____ exposed on damaged endothelial cells, forming microthrombi

A

collagen

69
Q

Platelets/thrombocytes release of platelet granule contents, which include serotonin and endocytose fibrinogen, results in what 3 things?

A
  1. increased capillary permeability
  2. activation of complement and attraction of leukocytes
  3. blood clotting

Immunology (12 decks)

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