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Immune and Lymphatic Systems > Cells of the Blood > Flashcards

Cells of the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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2
Q

What percentage of the blood is white blood cells and platelets?

A

<1%

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3
Q

What percentage of the blood is red blood cells?

A

45%

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4
Q

What percentage of plasma is water?

A

91.5%

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5
Q

What percentage of plasma is solutes (mainly proteins)?

A

8.5%

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6
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Acts as a solvent and suspending medium for blood components

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7
Q

What is the average volume of blood in adults?

A

5 litres

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8
Q

What percentage of blood is formed elements?

A

45%

Usually >99% of formed elements are red blood cells

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9
Q

What percentage of solutes in plasma are proteins?

A

7%

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10
Q

Plasma is composed of 1.5% of other solutes. Give examples of what these solutes are.

A

Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, enzymes and waste products.

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11
Q

7% of the solutes in plasma are proteins. Give examples of what these proteins are.

A

Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen - these exert colloid osmotic pressure.

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12
Q

Define Haematopoeisis

A

Haematopoeisis is the process by which formed elements of blood develop

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13
Q

How are blood cells produced?

A

A pluripotent stem cell commits to one cell line and undergoes many cell divisions leading to clonal expansion

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14
Q

Which cells derive from the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Megakaryocytes, Erythrocytes, Mast cells, Myeloblasts

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15
Q

Which cells can derive from a myeloblast?

A

Myeloblasts give rise to white blood cells of the granulocytic series (characterized by granules in the cytoplasm, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils and monocytes)

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16
Q

What cell can monocytes give rise to?

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

What cell can megakaryocytes give rise to?

A

Thrombocytes

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18
Q

What cells can the common lymphoid progenitor give rise to?

A

Natural killer cells (large granular lymphocyte)

Small lymphocytes

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19
Q

What cells can small lymphocytes give rise to?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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20
Q

What cells can B lymphocytes give rise to?

A

Plasma cells

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21
Q

Give another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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22
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in the body?

A

120 days (due to wear and tear on plasma membranes from squeezing through capillaries)

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23
Q

How are erythrocytes removed from circulation?

A

They are removed from circulation by phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver

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24
Q

What is the rate at which new mature erythrocytes enter the circulation?

A

2 million erythrocytes per second

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25
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted to their function?

A

1) They contain haemoglobin, an oxygen carrying protein
2) Biconcave discs, flexible structure
3) No nucleus to maximise space for oxygen transport

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26
Q

What stimulates erythrocyte production?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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27
Q

What is release in response to hypoxia?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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28
Q

What organ secretes erythropoietin into the blood?

A

The kidneys

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29
Q

How long does it take reticulocytes to mature into red blood cells?

A

1-2 days

30
Q

What is the name of the precursor cell erythropoiesis produces in red bone marrow?

A

Proerythroblast

31
Q

What happens near the end of the development of the proerythroblast?

A

It ejects its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte

32
Q

How does erythropoietin (EPO) increase red blood cell production?

A

It increases the rate of maturation of proerythroblasts

33
Q

Where is the primary site of haematopoeisis?

A

Red bone marrow

34
Q

Where is red bone marrow present (in adults)

A

In bones of axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

35
Q

What percentage of the cells in red bone marrow are pluripotent stem cells?

A

0.05-0.1%

36
Q

As we age, what is red marrow replaced by?

A

Yellow marrow

37
Q

Under what conditions could yellow marrow convert to red marrow?

A

Severe bleeding etc.

38
Q

What is yellow marrow mainly made up of?

A

Fat

39
Q

Red bone marrow is…

A

…high vascularised connective tissue

40
Q

Where is red bone marrow present in children?

A

It is found in all bone, the liver and the spleen

41
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis - destruction of bacteria

42
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Combat pathogens and other foreign substances entering the body.
Most live for a few hours to a few days

43
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?

A

60-70%

44
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Intensify overall inflammatory response in allergic reactions

45
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are basophils?

A

0.5-1%

46
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are eosinophils?

A

2-4%

47
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions

Destroy certain parasitic worms

48
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Transform into macrophages, then phagocytosis

49
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are monocytes?

A

3-8%

50
Q

What percentage of white blood cells are lymphocytes?

A

20-25%

51
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies.

T cells attack invading viruses and cancer cells

NK cells attack variety of infectious microbes

52
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

5 - 9 days

53
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To form a platelet plug to help achieve haemostasis

54
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No

55
Q

How many fragments do megakaryocytes split into?

A

2000 - 3000 fragments

56
Q

Where are megakaryocytes found?

A

In red bone marrow

57
Q

Each fragment formed from a megakaryocyte is enclosed by a piece of…

A

…plasma membrane

58
Q

Each fragment formed from a megakaryocyte forms a…

A

…platelet (thrombocyte)

59
Q

What is the normal range for haemoglobin concentration (Hb) in a full blood count?

A
  1. 0 - 18.0g/dL (Male)

11. 5-16.5g/dL (Female)

60
Q

What is the normal range for a mean cell volume (MCV) in a full blood count?

A

77-95fL

61
Q

What is the normal range for mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) in a full blood count?

A

27.0 - 32.0 pg

62
Q

What is the normal range for haematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) in a full blood count?

A
  1. 4-0.52 (Male)

0. 36-0.47 (Female)

63
Q

What is the normal range for mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in a full blood count?

A

32.0-36.0g/dL

64
Q

What is the normal range for a red blood cell count (RCC) in a full blood count?

A
  1. 5-6.5 x10^12 (M)

3. 8-5.8 x 10^12 (F)

65
Q

What is the normal range for platelets in a full blood count?

A

150-400 x 10^9/L

66
Q

What is the normal range for White blood cells (WBC) in a full blood count?

A

4-11 x 10^9/L

67
Q

What is the normal range for Neutrophils in a full blood count?

A

2.0-7.5 x 10^9/L

68
Q

What is the normal range for Lymphocytes in a full blood count?

A

1.3-4 x 10^9/L

69
Q

What is the normal range for Eosinophils in a full blood count?

A

0.04-0.44 x 10^9/L

70
Q

What is the normal range for Monocytes in a full blood count?

A

0.2-0.8 x 10^9/L

71
Q

What is the normal range for Basophils in a full blood count?

A

<0.1

Immune and Lymphatic Systems (5 decks)

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