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AS level Biology > Cells & Microscopy - MICROSCOPY > Flashcards

Cells & Microscopy - MICROSCOPY Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 main types of microscopes

A
  1. Light microscope
  2. Electron microscope
  3. Confocal laser scanning microscope ( CLSM )
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2
Q

Name 2 types of electron microscope

A
  1. Transmission electron microscope ( TEM )

2. Scanning electron microscope ( SEM )

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3
Q

Definition of light microscope

A

Uses visible light to illuminate a thin section of a specimen

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4
Q

Definition of electron microscope

A

Uses a beam of electrons to visualise a specimen

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5
Q

Definition of of CLSM ( confocal laser scanning microscope )

A

Uses lasers to produce an optical section which is used to produce a 3D image

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6
Q

What is the max. magnification of a light microscope

A

2000x

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7
Q

What is a light microscope used for looking at ( 2 things )

A
  • Cells and tissues

- Some living things eg. a single cell layer

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8
Q

What is the max. magnification of a TEM ( transmission electron)

A

5 000 000x

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9
Q

What is a TEM used for looking at ( 4 things )

A
  • very thin cross section of an object ( such as a cell )
  • internal structure of objects
  • objects at very high resolution
  • relationships between structures at high resolution
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10
Q

What is the max. magnification of a SEM ( scanning electron )

A

500 000x

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11
Q

What is a SEM used for looking at ( 2 things )

A
  • surface of objects at high resolution

- objects in 3D

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12
Q

Definition of magnification

A

Number of times larger an object appears compared to the real specimen

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13
Q

Definition of resolution

A

Ability to distinguish 2 distinct objects separately and to see detail

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14
Q

What does resolution depend on

A

Wavelength of radiation used

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15
Q

What is the wavelength of visible light

A

400-700 nm

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16
Q

What is the max. magnification of a CLSM ( confocal laser scanning )

A

2000x

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17
Q

What is a CLSM used for looking at ( 4 things )

A
  • thin slices in a sample while keeping sample intact
  • specific parts of a cell ( eg. Individual proteins) by labelling them with fluorescence
  • living cells
  • ( highlighted individual components of a cell )
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18
Q

What does cell theory state ( 3 things )

A
  • All living things consist of 1 or more cells
  • cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms
  • cells come from pre-existing cells
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19
Q

Place the following in order of largest to smallest:

Plant cell 
Chloroplast
Animal cell
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
DNA
RNA
Cell surface membrane 
Ribosome 
Virus 
Bactria
A
  • Plant cell
  • Animal cell
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplast
  • Mitochondria / Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Ribosome
  • Cell surface membrane
  • DNA
  • RNA
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20
Q

Name 3 main types of blood cells

A
  1. Erythrocytes ( red blood cell )
  2. Thrombocytes ( platelets )
  3. Leukocytes ( white blood cell)
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21
Q

Name 3 main types of Leucocytes ( white blood cells )

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocyte ( = macrophages once moved into tissues )
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22
Q

Definition of erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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23
Q

Description of erythrocytes ( 4 things )

A
  • biconcave discs = flexibility squeeze through capillaries
  • large SA : volume ratio
  • no nucleus
  • naturally red in colour
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24
Q

Function of erythrocytes ( 2 things )

A
  • carries oxygen TO respiring tissues around the body

- carries carbon dioxide FROM respiring tissues around the body

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25
Q

Definition of thrombocytes

A
  • platelets = cell fragments used in blood clotting
26
Q

Description of thrombocytes ( 3 things )

A
  • Biconvex discs of cytoplasm fragments from giant cells ( megakaryocytes )
  • no nucleus
  • takes a pale stain
27
Q

Function of thrombocytes

A

Contributes to blood clotting and clot formation

28
Q

Definition of leukocytes

A

White blood cells

29
Q

Definition of neutrophil

A

Type of granulated phagocytic white blood cell

30
Q

Description of neutrophil ( 4 things )

A
  • most numerous leukocyte
  • lobed nucleus = flexibility
  • granular cytoplasm
  • nucleus takes a darker stain than the cytoplasm
31
Q

Function of neutrophil

A

Engulfs bacteria by process phagocytosis

32
Q

Definition of monocyte

A

Large phagocytic white blood cell, which can develop into a macrophage

33
Q

Description of monocyte ( 4 things )

A
  • largest kind of leukocyte
  • large bean shaped nucleus
  • clear ( agranular ) cytoplasm
  • nucleus takes a dark stain
34
Q

Function of monocyte

A

Carry out phagocytosis in bloodstream and eventually move into the tissues ( now called macrophages )

35
Q

Definition of lymphocyte

A

Smallest kind of leukocyte

Cells of the immune system= B or T cells

36
Q

Description of lymphocytes: B & T ( 3 things )

A
  • large
  • darkly stained nucleus
  • clear cytoplasm
37
Q

Definition of B lymphocyte

A

Specialised white blood cell which that is produced and matured in the bone marrow

38
Q

Function of B lymphocyte

A

Forms plasma cells which produce antibodies

39
Q

Definition of T lymphocyte

A

Specialised white blood cell that is produced in the bone marrow and natures in the thymus gland

40
Q

Name 2 types of T lymphocytes

A
  1. Helper T cells

2. Cytotoxic T cells

41
Q

Function of helper T cells

A

Coordinate immune response

42
Q

Function of cytotoxic T cells

A

Destroy infected cells

43
Q

Definition of differential stain

A

Staining processes that use more than 1 chemical stain to distinguish between different cellular components

44
Q

Explain differential stains in more detail

A

Differential stains are chemicals that bind to some parts of the specimen and make different structures different colours in order to make them visible and increase contrast

45
Q

Name 3 stains that can be added to live cells

A
  1. Iodine
  2. Methylene blue
  3. Eosin
46
Q

Name a stain that can only bind to cells that have been fixed in alcohol ( dead cells )

A

Leishman’s stain

47
Q

Why is the process of differential staining used ( 2 things )

A
  • most biological specimens have no colour and are almost transparent
  • colourless = difficult to differentiate between structures
48
Q

function of methylene blue stain

A

Binds to nucleic acids = stains nuclei and ribosomes blue- purple

49
Q

Function of eosin stain

A

Binds to cytoplasmic proteins = stains them pink-red

50
Q

Function of Leishman’s stain

A

Stains leukocytes = reveal differences in the shape of their nuclei = can be identified in a blood smear

51
Q

How to prepare a blood smear ( 9 steps )

A
  1. Wear latex free gloves ( prevent contamination of blood )
  2. Place small drop of blood at end of a sterile, clean, dry microscope slide
  3. Spreader held at 30° angle = pushed along slide to spread the blood by capillary action = form a smear
  4. Label microscope slide with patient details
  5. Allow slide to air dry
  6. Fix using methanol ( alcohol= dead cells )
  7. Flood with Leishman’s stain & leave for 2 mins
  8. Dilute with distilled water & leave for 5-7 mins
  9. Wash slide until it appears pale pink
52
Q

Formula for calculating magnification

A

I AM

Magnification = Image size / Actual size

53
Q

Formula for calculating actual size

A

I AM

Actual size = Image size / Magnification

54
Q

I AM triangle what do letters stand for

A

I = image size

A= actual size

M = magnification

55
Q

Millimetres to micrometers

A

x1000

56
Q

millimetres to nanometres

A

x ???

57
Q

micrometer to millimetre

A

/ 1000

58
Q

Micrometre to nanometre

A

x ???

59
Q

nanometre to micrometre

A

x ???

60
Q

nanometre to millimetre

A

x ???

AS level Biology (2 decks)

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