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AS level Biology > Cells & Microscopy : Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

Cells & Microscopy : Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of ultra structure

A

Fine structure of cell that can only be seen with an electron microscope

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2
Q

Definition of eukaryotic cell & examples

A

Contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Eg. Plant, animal, yeast cell

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3
Q

Definition prokaryotic cell

A

No nucleus
Very few or no organelles

Eg. Bacteria

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4
Q

Learn to label:

Animal cell
Plant cell
Bacteria

A

???

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5
Q

Description of nucleus (5 things)

A
  • largest organelle
  • surrounds by double membrane = nuclear envelope
  • holes in nuclear envelope = nuclear pores
  • contains nucleolus = dense area
  • chromatin = DNA & histone proteins
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6
Q

Function of nucleus ( 2 things )

A
  • controls activities of cell by producing proteins

- code for proteins in DNA is transcribed in mRNA

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7
Q

Description of nucleolus

A
  • dark patch in nucleus
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8
Q

Function of nucleolus ( 2 things )

A
  • produces rRNA

- assembles ribosomes

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9
Q

Description of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ( RER ) ( 3 things )

A
  • series of flattened membrane- bound sacs called cisternae
  • membrane = continuous with outer nuclear envelope
  • has ribosomes attaches to its surface
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10
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER )

A
  • transports proteins made by ribosomes by packaging them into vesicles
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11
Q

Description of ribosomes ( 2 things )

A
  • tiny organelles bound to RER or loose in cytoplasm

- consist of 2 subunits

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12
Q

Function of ribosomes

( 3 things )

A
  • read code on mRNA ( = transcription of code in DNA )
  • site of protein synthesis
  • ribosomes assemble proteins
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13
Q

Description of Golgi apparatus

A
  • stack of membrane bound flattened sacs

- ( revives proteins made by ribosomes and packaged into vesicles by RER & modifies them )

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14
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • repackages modifies proteins into vesicle for transport our of cell or to another destination within cell
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15
Q

Description of mitochondria ( 3 things )

A
  • spherical / sausage shaped
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane = highly folded to form cristae + contains many enzymes related to aerobic respiration
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16
Q

Function of mitochondria

A
  • site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
17
Q

Description of vesicle ( 2 things )

A
  • membrane bound sac

- moved within the cells by cytoskeleton

18
Q

Function of vesicle

A
  • transports materials around the cell

Eg. Proteins made by ribosomes

19
Q

Description of plasma membrane / cell surface membrane

A
  • single membrane surrounding the cell
20
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A
  • forms selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment
21
Q

Description of smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( SER )

A
  • series of flattened membrane bound sacs

- NO RIBOSOMES

22
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( SER ) ( 2 things)

A
  • involved with lipid metabolism

- involved with membrane formation

23
Q

Structure of cytoskeleton

A
  • network of protein fibres and microtubules found within cell vesicles = moved about the cell by cytoskeleton
24
Q

Function of cytoskeleton ( 2 things )

A
  • Maintains the cells shape

- responsible for moving materials around the cell

25
Q

Description of centrioles ( 2 things )

A
  • organelle from which the spindle fibres develop

- within each centrosome = pair of centrioles at right angles to each other = surrounded by mass of protein

26
Q

Function of centrioles ( spindles )

A
  • Hold chromosomes during cell division

not seen in plant cells

27
Q

Description of lysosomes

A
  • Spherical membrane bound vesicle containing digestive enzymes
28
Q

Function of lysomes

A
  • break down materials inside the cell

Eg. Break down invading microorganisms inside white blood cells

29
Q

Description of cilia ( 2 things )

A
  • many short hair like extensions that project from cell surface
  • 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
30
Q

Function of cilia

A
  • use energy from ATP to move fluids along by beating
31
Q

Description of eukaryotic undulipodium ( flagellum )

A
  • 1 / few longer hair like extensions that project from cell surface
32
Q

Function of eukaryotic undulipodium ( flagellum )

A
  • uses energy from ATP to move whole cell

AS level Biology (2 decks)

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