Cells, Matrix, Ossification, Bone Density, Bone Variation

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissue

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

study of bones

Question 3

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 3

osteoblast - form bone
osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast - remodel bone

Question 4

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 4

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 5

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 5

glycosaminoglycans

Question 6

What are the three primary cell types of bones?

Answer 6

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 7

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in the bone?

Answer 8

collagen type I

Question 9

What is the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 9

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently described deposit in the bone?

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

Question 13

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 13

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

Question 14

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

Answer 14

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

skull

Question 18

Which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

Answer 18

nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squams of the temporal and occipital bones, and the greater wing of the sphenoid

Question 19

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 19

clavicle

Question 20

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 20

endochondral ossification

Question 21

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 21

second to fifth month in utero

Question 22

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification

Answer 22

chondrocranium

Question 23

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

Answer 23

inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 24

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 24

mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

Question 25

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 25

clavicle

Question 26

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 26

primary centers of ossification appear before birth | secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 27

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 27

cortical or compact bone, and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 28

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 28

subchondral bone

Question 29

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 29

periosteum

Question 30

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

What are primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 31

sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic or population-based variation, and idiosyncratic variation

Question 32

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae withing the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 32

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 33

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 33

ontogentic variation

Question 34

Differences in the number or morphology based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 34

geographic variation or population based variation

Question 35

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 35

idiosyncratic variation