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Spinal Anatomy > Cells, Matrix, Ossification, Bone Density, Bone Variation > Flashcards

Cells, Matrix, Ossification, Bone Density, Bone Variation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural, and connective tissue

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

study of bones

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3
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast - form bone
osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast - remodel bone

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4
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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5
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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6
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bones?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in the bone?

A

collagen type I

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9
Q

What is the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

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10
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in the bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium

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12
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

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13
Q

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors, and to age

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14
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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15
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

17
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

skull

18
Q

Which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squams of the temporal and occipital bones, and the greater wing of the sphenoid

19
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

clavicle

20
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

21
Q

what is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

second to fifth month in utero

22
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification

A

chondrocranium

23
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

24
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

25
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

clavicle

26
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

27
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone, and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

28
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

29
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

periosteum

30
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

endosteum

31
Q

What are primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

sexual dimorphism, ontogenetic variation, geographic or population-based variation, and idiosyncratic variation

32
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae withing the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

33
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ontogentic variation

34
Q

Differences in the number or morphology based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

geographic variation or population based variation

35
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

idiosyncratic variation

Spinal Anatomy (4 decks)

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