Cells involved in Immune Responses Flashcards
which cytokine induce development of Th17 cells?
IL 6
which cytokine induce development of Th2 cells?
IL 4
which transcription factors are required for Treg development? (2)
FOXP3, STAT5
what chemokines mediate recruitment of B cells into lymph nodes?
naive B cells are recruited into lymph node follicles by CXCL13, produced by follicular dendritic cells
what process determines if immunoglobulin is membrane-bound or secreted?
alternative splicing
which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides resulting in junctional diversity?
TdT
At which stage does signaling through the pre-B cell receptor occur?
pre B cell
in the germinal center, how do B cells increase the affinity of its immunoglobulin for a specific antigen?
somatic hypermutation, or affinity maturation, where point mutations occur in the V region of heavy and light chains
where does negative selection occur for T cells?
the thymic medulla, which is where the AIRE protein controls the presentation of self-antigen
Which B cell receptor and T cell receptor subunits undergo VDJ recombination and which undergo VJ recombination? (4)
VDJ - Ig heavy chain and TCR beta
VJ - Ig light chain and TCR alpha that lack D segment
what known mutations can lead to ALPS? (3)
Fas (CD95)
FasL
caspase 10
what CD molecule can be used to distinguish monocytes and macrophages from other cells?
CD14 (macrophages also express CD33)
which subset of dendritic cells produces type I IFN during viral infections?
plasmacytoid (pDCs)
what is the most important chemoattractant that guides neutrophils to inflammation?
chemokine CXCL8 (IL-8)
in which platelet disorder are platelets abnormally large?
ITP
(Ab to platelet’s GP2b3a are also seen)
which chemokines produced by keratinocytes are responsible for homing T cells to the skin? What are the corresponding receptors on the T cells? (2)
-Keratinocytes produce CCL17 (TARC) and CCL22 (MDC)
- skin homing T cells express cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), CCR4 and CCR10
which selectin is not found on endothelium? (3)
L- selectin is found on leukocytes
- E- and P-selectins are found on endothelium
- P selectins are also found on platelets
what surface markers on high endothelial venules and naive T cells are responsible for homing to the lymph nodes? (2)
CCL19 and CCL21 on high endothelial venules
- CCR7 on the naive T cells
what integrin ligands are found on the surface of activated endothelium? (3)
ICAM-1, ICAM-2, and VCAM-1
where is the molecular defect in LAD1 vs LAD2?
- LAD1 : CD18
- LAD2 : CD15s
How is the diagnosis of HLH made? (9)
5/8 criteria have to be met
- fever
- splenomegaly
- cytopenia involving at least two cell lines
- hypertriglyceridemia or hypofibrinogenemia
- hemophagocytosis
- low or absent NK cell activity
- ferritin > 500 ug/L
- soluble CD25 (sIL-2 receptor) > 2400 U/mL
what type of granules are enlarged in Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
primary
what are the cutoffs for mild, moderate and severe neutropenia? (3)
- mild: ANC < 1500
- moderate: ANC <1000
- severe: ANC <500
How are epithelial cells attached to the extracellular matrix?
via hemidesmosomes