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A&I > Allergens and Antigens > Flashcards

Allergens and Antigens Flashcards

1
Q

standardized vs non-standardized units of potency (6)

A

Standardized: AU/mL, BAU/mL, Amb a 1 unit/mL (specific for short ragweed), ug/mL (for venom)
Non-standardized: w/v, PNU/mL

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2
Q

what does weight per volume mean?

A

1g of raw pollen in 10mL of extracting fluid

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3
Q

350 Amb a 1 units = x BAU?

A

100,000 BAU

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4
Q

what is venom standardization based on?

A

based on enzymatic activity (hyaluronidase and phospholipase)

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5
Q

what are available fire ant extracts?

A

non standardized, whole-body extracts

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6
Q

name 5 allergens that are standardized extracts in US

A
  • cat
  • DM
  • short ragweed
  • grass
  • venom
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7
Q

what is lyophilized extract? (3)

A
  • freeze-dried preparations existing in powder form that need to be reconstituted
  • recommended to use HSA for reconstitution
  • venom products are lyophilized
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8
Q

temperature to store extracts

A

2-8 Celsius or 36-46F

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9
Q

loss of potency is related to?

A

protein content

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10
Q

which allergens have proteas enzymes? (3)

A

DM, cockroach and mold

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11
Q

allergens that cannot be mixed together

A

cockroach or mold with pollen or dander

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12
Q

can mix cockroach with? (2)

A

DM and mold

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13
Q

can mix cat and dog with? (2)

A

pollen and DM

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14
Q

role of glycerin in extract (3)

A
  • inhibit proteolytic enzyme (stabilizer)
  • inhibit bacterial growth (preservative)
  • effect decreases with lower %glycerin
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15
Q

role of HSA in extract (2)

A

reduce absorption of allergens to vial surface
- more effective than glycerin in protecting products from phenol denaturation

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16
Q

role of phenol in extract (2)

A
  • prevent microbial growth
  • but, can degrade allergens in products with 50% glycerin
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17
Q
A

Grass pollen

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18
Q

Name northern grasses (Pooideae) - 5

A
  • Timothy
  • orchard
  • rye
  • fescue
  • bluegrass
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19
Q

name three southern grasses

A
  • Bahia (panicoideae)
  • Johnson (panicoideae)
  • Bermuda (Chloridoideae) **does not cross-react with the other two
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20
Q

scientific name and allergen for Bermuda

A

Cynodon dactylon
Cyn d 1-14

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21
Q

scientific name and allergen for Johnson

A

Sorghum halepense
Sor h 1-14

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22
Q

scientific name and allergen for timothy grass

A

Phleum pratense
Phl p 1-14

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23
Q

Are Bahia and Johnson cross reactive?

A

they have limited/moderate cross-reactivity

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24
Q

Are northern grasses (Pooideae) cross-reactive

A

yes

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25
Q

scientific name and allergens (3) for Ragweed

A

Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Amb a 1-10, profilin, and cystatin

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26
Q

scientific name and allergen (2) for mugwort

A

Artemisia vulgaris
Art v 1-3, and profilin

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27
Q

scientific name and allergen for Pellitory (Urticaceae) - weed

A

Parietaria spp
Par o 1,2

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28
Q
A

Weed pollen (Lamb’s quarter)

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29
Q
A

Ragweed pollen
- weed = pores
- ragweed = spikes

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30
Q

scientific name of cockleburs

A

Xanthium

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31
Q
A

sage pollen
- sage and mugwort - between 20-30 um, round to triangular shape with tricolpate

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32
Q
A

Cockleburs
- similar to ragweed but smaller and blunter spikes
- size is larger than ragweed (25-30 um)

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33
Q
A

Nettle (건포도?)
- one of the smallest pollens (12-16 um)
- tri to tetraporate

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34
Q

scientific name of Nettle

A

Urticaceae

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35
Q
A

Plantain
- periporate
- distinctive pore cap (operculum) gives it a donut appearance

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36
Q
A

dock or sorrel
- characteristic starch inclusion granules, long furrows

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37
Q
A

Ash pollen
- 4-5 sided grains, with furrows that suggest a square or pentagonal appearance
- exine has a net-lie (reticulate) pattern

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38
Q
A

Birch pollen
- 3 pores, each containing a collar (oncus)
- can look like lemon if only two pores are visible

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39
Q
A

mountain cedar pollen with disrupted exine
- looks like a shell, “Pac Man”

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40
Q
A

intact mountain cedar pollen
- thick intine with stellate cytoplasmic contents
- inner part is more pink than outer part, which is opposite of plantain pollen

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41
Q
A

Oak
- triangular with three germinal furrows that look like WHITE “pie slices”

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42
Q
A

Sycamore
- round, tricolpate, thin exine that is finely reticulate

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43
Q
A

Pine
-Mickey Mouse
- large size (50-100 um). so rarely implicated in allergy

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44
Q
A

Maple
- beach ball

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45
Q
A

Elm
- outer surface appears wavy or undulating
- 4-5 oval shaped pores. can appear pentagonal

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46
Q
A

Cottonwood pollen
- granular outer surface that looks “cracked” or “flaky”
- NO FURROWS

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47
Q
A

Sweetgum
- soccer ball

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48
Q
A

Mulberry
- small. 11-20 um
- thin walled and diporate
- light, pinkish lemon

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49
Q
A

Walnut
- also soccer ball, but not white

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50
Q
A

Hickory or Pecan (indistinguishable)

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51
Q
A

Acacia pollen

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52
Q
A

Alternaria
- club shaped
- “hit with a club and became altered”

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53
Q
A

Cladosporium
- but varies in shape, but usually in chains

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54
Q
A

Aspergillus
- looks like a cotton ball at the end

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55
Q
A

Penicillium
- paint brush

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56
Q
A

Helminthosporium, Drechslera, Bipolaris
- 지렁이

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57
Q
A

Epicoccum
- dark, golden brown with warts on the surface

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58
Q
A

Fusacrium
- spindle-shaped, curved with tapered ends

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59
Q
A

Ascomycota
- single or multicelled/ colorless to deeply pigmented
- looks like rat dropping

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60
Q
A

Basidiomycota
- always single celled

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61
Q
A

Smut spores
- single celled
- smooth, spiny or reticulate wall.

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62
Q

what are 5 requirements of an aeroallergen (derived from Thommen’s postulates)?

A
  • allergenic
  • buoyant
  • anemophilous
  • present in abundance
  • plant is widely distributed
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63
Q

define monoecious and dioecious

A

Monoecious = have both male and female flowers on the same plant
Dioecious = have separate male and female plants

64
Q

name an advantage and a disadvantage of the Rotorod

A

Advantage - can obtain quantitative results and the fact that this method is not significantly affected by wind.
Disadvantage - poor collection efficiency for particles <10 um

65
Q

what is a pollen with P/E diameter >2 called?

A

Perprolate (very elongated).
- P/E <0.5 is called peroblate (very flattened)

66
Q

which pollen has been most implicated in pollen-food syndrome? what are the major allergens involved?

A

Birch. Bet v 1 and 2

67
Q

which pollen has starch inclusion granules?

A

dock or sorrel

68
Q

21year old male with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis only in Jan. what is the most likely allergen?

A

Juniperus ashei (mountain cedar) pollen

69
Q

Of Lolium, Pinus, Platanus, Quercus and Urtica, which has the smallest pollen? the largest pollen?

A

Smallest = Urtica (nettle) at 12-14 um
Largest = Pinus (pine) at 50-100 um

70
Q

which tree is entomephilous?

A

Willow (Salix).
- entomophilous = insect pollenated

71
Q

What is the defining characteristics of the largest phylum of fungi, Ascomycota?

A

the production of an ascus (a sac-like structure containing sexual spores)

72
Q

Near-fatal asthma is associated with sensitivity to which mold?

A

Alternaria

73
Q

what are the most important indoor molds? (3)

A

Cladosporium, aspergillus, penicillium

74
Q

What is usually the most abundant outdoor mold?

A

Cladosporium (also prevalent indoors bc of high outdoor concentrations)

75
Q

which mold spores are higher during periods of rain? (3)

A

Fusarium, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

76
Q

what is the size of aeroallergens?

77
Q

what are the two kinds of aeroallergen sampling?

A

gravitational and volumetric

78
Q

what are the names of ragweed allergens?

A

Amb a 1- 10

79
Q

which antigen is associated with SAM syndrome (sinobronchial airway mycosis)?

A

Aspergillus

80
Q

Which food pollen syndrome is associated with goosefoot?

81
Q

Which food pollen syndrome is associated with cypress?

82
Q

What DM is unique (relatively) to Florida and Puerto Rico? (2)

A

Blomia tropicales.
(Blo t 2 and 5 are major allergens)

83
Q

what is the source of Fel d 1?

A

skin, fur, saliva, sebaceous gland and anal gland
- levels are higher in male vs female cat

84
Q

What is the source of Can f 1?

A

Dog hair and dander

85
Q

What is the major mouse allergen and its source?

A

Mus m 1 is the major allergen
- it is a lipocalin from male mouse urine

86
Q

Pigeon breeders and bird fanciers can develop hypersensitivity pneumonitis. What is the mechanism of disease?

A

IgG-mediated response to avian serum gamma globulin

87
Q

Which of the following describes a non-standardized extract:
- AU/ ML
- BAU/ mL
- PNU/ mL

88
Q

Which extracts most consistently demonstrate proteolytic activity? (3)

A

cockroach, mold and dust mite

89
Q

what diluent reduces allergen absorption to vial surfaces?

90
Q

Which allergen is responsible for epithelial and mucosal inflammation in AD and asthma by both innate and adaptive mechanisms?

A

DM. Der p 1 and 2

91
Q

which allergen has been found in new construction and even undisturbed conditions?

92
Q

what exposure increases the risk of allergic sensitization and asthma in children?

A

air pollution, particulate matter <2.5 microns

93
Q

What dilution does green denote on an immunotherapy vial?

A

1:1000.
-Blue = 1:100
- Yellow = 1:10
-Red = 1:1
- silver = 1:10,000

94
Q

definition of anemophilous

A

wind pollinated

95
Q

principle methods of volumetric air sampling (3)

A
  • impaction
  • impingement
  • filtration
96
Q

Two different samplers using gravitational sampling

A
  • Durham sampler and Settle plates
97
Q

Ragweed scientific name

98
Q

scientific name of giant ragweed

A

Ambrosia trifida

99
Q

pollen food syndrome associated with ragweed (3)

A

banana, cantaloupe, watermelon

100
Q

scientific name of Sage and Mugwort

101
Q

Pollen food syndrome associated with sage/mugwort (3)

A

celery spice, peach and mustard

102
Q

scientific name of cockleburs

103
Q

tree that pollinate in the fall

A

Elm
- American Elm pollinates in the spring
- others in the fall

104
Q

tree that pollinate in midwinter

A

Mountain cedar ( in Texas)
- Eastern red cedar pollinates in the Spring

105
Q

scientific name and allergen for Ash tree

A

Fraxinus. Fra a 1

106
Q

scientific name and allergen for Birch

A

Betulaceae. Bet v 1-7

107
Q

scientific name and allergen for Mountain Cedar

A

Juniperus. Jun a 1-3

108
Q

scientific name and allergen for Oak

A

Quercus. Que a 1

109
Q

scientific name and allergen for Olive tree

A

Oleaceae. Ole e 1-8

110
Q

scientific name and allergen for Sycamore or plane tree

A

Platanus. Pla a 1

111
Q

Family members of Oleaceae (4)

A

Ash, Olive, Privet and Russian Olive
- strong cross reactivity

112
Q

oral allergy syndrome with birch

A

Pal, remember ABC
- Pear, Peach, Potato, Plum
- Apple, Apricot
- B for birch
- Celery, Carrot

113
Q

Family members of Oleaceae (4)

A

Ash, Olive, Privet, and Russian Olive
- strong cross-reactivity

114
Q

Members of Cupressacaea family (3)

A

Cypress, Juniper, and Cedar
- strong cross-reactivity
- treatment with one member should be enough

115
Q

Members of Fagaceae family (3)

A

Oak, Beech, Chestnut
- cross-reactivity within family and with Birch

116
Q

difference between Box elder and Maple

A
  • both from the same family Aceraceae, but Box elder is wind pollinated when maple is primarily insect pollinated
117
Q

How are Willows (tree) clinically relevant?

A

entomophilous and not allergenically significant, but aspirin is made from their bark

118
Q

allergens for Alternaria

A

Alt a 1-12

119
Q

allergens for Cladosporium

A

Cla h 1-12

120
Q

allergens for Aspergillus

A

Asp f 1-22

121
Q

allergens for Penicillium (3)

A

Pen ch 12, 18, 20

122
Q

main allergens for baker’s asthma (4)

A

various hydrolytic enzymes, egg powder, latex products, and flour

123
Q

pollination of angiosperms

A

Pollen constituents either diffuse out or are expelled from the grains onto the stigma surface, after which the pollen tube emerges and grows toward the ovum.

124
Q

another name for Lone Star Tick

A

Amblyomma americanum

125
Q

Which pollens are cross-reactive with Timothy grass? (5)

A

Timothy grass belongs to Pooideae group, which includes Lolium (aka perennial rye).
- poa annua (blue grass)
- dactylis (orchard)
- festuca
- vernal

126
Q

What is the family of small extracellular proteins that mammalian allergenics such as cat (Fel d 1) and cattle (Bos D 2) belong to?

127
Q

Major Wheat allergen

128
Q

cockroach allergens (2)

A

Bla g 1, etc
Per a 1

129
Q

cross-reactive with Mugwort (2)

A

sage and wormwood
- both Artemisia sp.

130
Q

cross-reactive with Lamb’s quarter (3)

A

Russian thistle, burning bush, Kochia

131
Q

cross-reactive with Johnson grass (2)

A

Bermuda and Bahia

132
Q

cross-reactive with Juniper tree (2)

A

Cedar and Cypress

133
Q

cross-reactive with birch (3)

A

Alder, Hazel and Hornbeam

134
Q

Thommen’s postulates of Allergenicity (5)

A
  • pollen must be capable of eliciting an allergenic response
  • pollen must be anemophilous (wind pollinated)
  • must be sufficiently buoyant to be carried long distances by wind
  • must be produced in abundance
  • the plant must be widely distributed
135
Q

principle methods of volumetric air sampling (3)

A

impaction, impingement and filtration

136
Q

Durham sampler description (1) and cons (3)

A
  • gravitational sampling. micro slides coated with adhesive and exposed for 24h
  • biased towards larger particles
  • cannot determine airborne concentration
  • exposed to weather
137
Q

Settle plates description (1) and cons (3)

A
  • particles are allowed to settle onto an agar plate
  • biased towards larger particles
  • cannot determine airborne concentration
  • generally for indoor use only
138
Q

Burkard Spore Trap description (1), pros (1) and cons (2)

A
  • a suction slit sampler that draws air in through a sampling orifice
  • more efficient than Rotorod in collecting small particles
  • more expensive than other methods
  • affected by wind speed
139
Q

Rotorod description (1), pros (2) and cons (1)

A
  • rods that sweep through the air and collect particles on surfaces with adhesives
  • not affected by wind
  • can assess airborne concentration
  • not efficient for smaller particles (<10 um)
140
Q

OAS associated with Ragweed (3)

A

banana, cantaloupe, watermelon

141
Q

OAS associated with sage and mugwort (3)

A

celery spice, peach and mustard

142
Q

dust mite tropomysin allergen

143
Q

Der p 1 and Der f 1 are?

A

cysteine proteases that disrupt epithelial/mucosal barriers

144
Q

Der p 2 and Der f 2 are?

A

lipopolysaccharide binding proteins that activate TLR4 –> induce airway inflammation

145
Q

major cat allergen and its type

A

Fel d 1 - secretoglobin

146
Q

cat allergen that cross reacts with other furry animal allergens

A

Fel d 4
- Can f 2,6 and equ c 1 (horse)

147
Q

major dog allergen that is not a lipocalin

A

Can f 5 (prostatic kallikrein) - in saliva and urine of male dogs only

148
Q

Major cockroach allergens (4)

A

Bla g 1,2,4,5

149
Q

trees that cross-react with mountain cedar (2)

A
  • bald cypress
  • redwood
  • Japanese cedar
150
Q

fungal antigens in the air during dry, windy afternoons (3)

A
  • Cladosporium
  • Alternaria
  • Epicocum
151
Q

airborne fungal antigens during humid and dark hours (2)

A

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

152
Q

Tricolporate with spheroidal grain with pores within short furrows + short broad-based spines

153
Q

Tricolpate with long, wide furrows stretching from pole to pole.

154
Q

Tricolporate with pores in long furrows.

A

Sage/Mugwort

155
Q
156
Q

cat allergen associated with pork-cat syndrome

A

Fel d 2 (serum albumin)
- cross-reactive with pork albumin

157
Q

rabbit allergen

A&I (10 decks)

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