Allergens and Antigens Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
standardized vs non-standardized units of potency (6)
A
Standardized: AU/mL, BAU/mL, Amb a 1 unit/mL (specific for short ragweed), ug/mL (for venom)
Non-standardized: w/v, PNU/mL
2
Q
what does weight per volume mean?
A
1g of raw pollen in 10mL of extracting fluid
3
Q
350 Amb a 1 units = x BAU?
A
100,000 BAU
4
Q
what is venom standardization based on?
A
based on enzymatic activity (hyaluronidase and phospholipase)
5
Q
what are available fire ant extracts?
A
non standardized, whole-body extracts
6
Q
name 5 allergens that are standardized extracts in US
A
- cat
- DM
- short ragweed
- grass
- venom
7
Q
what is lyophilized extract? (3)
A
- freeze-dried preparations existing in powder form that need to be reconstituted
- recommended to use HSA for reconstitution
- venom products are lyophilized
8
Q
temperature to store extracts
A
2-8 Celsius or 36-46F
9
Q
loss of potency is related to?
A
protein content
10
Q
which allergens have proteas enzymes? (3)
A
DM, cockroach and mold
11
Q
allergens that cannot be mixed together
A
cockroach or mold with pollen or dander
12
Q
can mix cockroach with? (2)
A
DM and mold
13
Q
can mix cat and dog with? (2)
A
pollen and DM
14
Q
role of glycerin in extract (3)
A
- inhibit proteolytic enzyme (stabilizer)
- inhibit bacterial growth (preservative)
- effect decreases with lower %glycerin
15
Q
role of HSA in extract (2)
A
reduce absorption of allergens to vial surface
- more effective than glycerin in protecting products from phenol denaturation
16
Q
role of phenol in extract (2)
A
- prevent microbial growth
- but, can degrade allergens in products with 50% glycerin
17
Q
A
Grass pollen
18
Q
Name northern grasses (Pooideae) - 5
A
- Timothy
- orchard
- rye
- fescue
- bluegrass
19
Q
name three southern grasses
A
- Bahia (panicoideae)
- Johnson (panicoideae)
- Bermuda (Chloridoideae) **does not cross-react with the other two
20
Q
scientific name and allergen for Bermuda
A
Cynodon dactylon
Cyn d 1-14
21
Q
scientific name and allergen for Johnson
A
Sorghum halepense
Sor h 1-14
22
Q
scientific name and allergen for timothy grass
A
Phleum pratense
Phl p 1-14
23
Q
Are Bahia and Johnson cross reactive?
A
they have limited/moderate cross-reactivity
24
Q
Are northern grasses (Pooideae) cross-reactive
A
yes
25
scientific name and allergens (3) for Ragweed
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Amb a 1-10, profilin, and cystatin
26
scientific name and allergen (2) for mugwort
Artemisia vulgaris
Art v 1-3, and profilin
27
scientific name and allergen for Pellitory (Urticaceae) - weed
Parietaria spp
Par o 1,2
28
Weed pollen (Lamb's quarter)
29
Ragweed pollen
- weed = pores
- ragweed = spikes
30
scientific name of cockleburs
Xanthium
31
sage pollen
- sage and mugwort - between 20-30 um, round to triangular shape with tricolpate
32
Cockleburs
- similar to ragweed but smaller and blunter spikes
- size is larger than ragweed (25-30 um)
33
Nettle (건포도?)
- one of the smallest pollens (12-16 um)
- tri to tetraporate
34
scientific name of Nettle
Urticaceae
35
Plantain
- periporate
- distinctive pore cap (operculum) gives it a donut appearance
36
dock or sorrel
- characteristic starch inclusion granules, long furrows
37
Ash pollen
- 4-5 sided grains, with furrows that suggest a square or pentagonal appearance
- exine has a net-lie (reticulate) pattern
38
Birch pollen
- 3 pores, each containing a collar (oncus)
- can look like lemon if only two pores are visible
39
mountain cedar pollen with disrupted exine
- looks like a shell, "Pac Man"
40
intact mountain cedar pollen
- thick intine with stellate cytoplasmic contents
- inner part is more pink than outer part, which is opposite of plantain pollen
41
Oak
- triangular with three germinal furrows that look like WHITE "pie slices"
42
Sycamore
- round, tricolpate, thin exine that is finely reticulate
43
Pine
-Mickey Mouse
- large size (50-100 um). so rarely implicated in allergy
44
Maple
- beach ball
45
Elm
- outer surface appears wavy or undulating
- 4-5 oval shaped pores. can appear pentagonal
46
Cottonwood pollen
- granular outer surface that looks "cracked" or "flaky"
- NO FURROWS
47
Sweetgum
- soccer ball
48
Mulberry
- small. 11-20 um
- thin walled and diporate
- light, pinkish lemon
49
Walnut
- also soccer ball, but not white
50
Hickory or Pecan (indistinguishable)
51
Acacia pollen
52
Alternaria
- club shaped
- "hit with a club and became altered"
53
Cladosporium
- but varies in shape, but usually in chains
54
Aspergillus
- looks like a cotton ball at the end
55
Penicillium
- paint brush
56
Helminthosporium, Drechslera, Bipolaris
- 지렁이
57
Epicoccum
- dark, golden brown with warts on the surface
58
Fusacrium
- spindle-shaped, curved with tapered ends
59
Ascomycota
- single or multicelled/ colorless to deeply pigmented
- looks like rat dropping
60
Basidiomycota
- always single celled
61
Smut spores
- single celled
- smooth, spiny or reticulate wall.
62
what are 5 requirements of an aeroallergen (derived from Thommen's postulates)?
- allergenic
- buoyant
- anemophilous
- present in abundance
- plant is widely distributed
63
define monoecious and dioecious
Monoecious = have both male and female flowers on the same plant
Dioecious = have separate male and female plants
64
name an advantage and a disadvantage of the Rotorod
Advantage - can obtain quantitative results and the fact that this method is not significantly affected by wind.
Disadvantage - poor collection efficiency for particles <10 um
65
what is a pollen with P/E diameter >2 called?
Perprolate (very elongated).
- P/E <0.5 is called peroblate (very flattened)
66
which pollen has been most implicated in pollen-food syndrome? what are the major allergens involved?
Birch. Bet v 1 and 2
67
which pollen has starch inclusion granules?
dock or sorrel
68
21year old male with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis only in Jan. what is the most likely allergen?
Juniperus ashei (mountain cedar) pollen
69
Of Lolium, Pinus, Platanus, Quercus and Urtica, which has the smallest pollen? the largest pollen?
Smallest = Urtica (nettle) at 12-14 um
Largest = Pinus (pine) at 50-100 um
70
which tree is entomephilous?
Willow (Salix).
- entomophilous = insect pollenated
71
What is the defining characteristics of the largest phylum of fungi, Ascomycota?
the production of an ascus (a sac-like structure containing sexual spores)
72
Near-fatal asthma is associated with sensitivity to which mold?
Alternaria
73
what are the most important indoor molds? (3)
Cladosporium, aspergillus, penicillium
74
What is usually the most abundant outdoor mold?
Cladosporium (also prevalent indoors bc of high outdoor concentrations)
75
which mold spores are higher during periods of rain? (3)
Fusarium, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
76
what is the size of aeroallergens?
10-60 um
77
what are the two kinds of aeroallergen sampling?
gravitational and volumetric
78
what are the names of ragweed allergens?
Amb a 1- 10
79
which antigen is associated with SAM syndrome (sinobronchial airway mycosis)?
Aspergillus
80
Which food pollen syndrome is associated with goosefoot?
Melon
81
Which food pollen syndrome is associated with cypress?
Peach
82
What DM is unique (relatively) to Florida and Puerto Rico? (2)
Blomia tropicales.
(Blo t 2 and 5 are major allergens)
83
what is the source of Fel d 1?
skin, fur, saliva, sebaceous gland and anal gland
- levels are higher in male vs female cat
84
What is the source of Can f 1?
Dog hair and dander
85
What is the major mouse allergen and its source?
Mus m 1 is the major allergen
- it is a lipocalin from male mouse urine
86
Pigeon breeders and bird fanciers can develop hypersensitivity pneumonitis. What is the mechanism of disease?
IgG-mediated response to avian serum gamma globulin
87
Which of the following describes a non-standardized extract:
- AU/ ML
- BAU/ mL
- PNU/ mL
PNU/ mL
88
Which extracts most consistently demonstrate proteolytic activity? (3)
cockroach, mold and dust mite
89
what diluent reduces allergen absorption to vial surfaces?
HSA
90
Which allergen is responsible for epithelial and mucosal inflammation in AD and asthma by both innate and adaptive mechanisms?
DM. Der p 1 and 2
91
which allergen has been found in new construction and even undisturbed conditions?
Cat
92
what exposure increases the risk of allergic sensitization and asthma in children?
air pollution, particulate matter <2.5 microns
93
What dilution does green denote on an immunotherapy vial?
1:1000.
-Blue = 1:100
- Yellow = 1:10
-Red = 1:1
- silver = 1:10,000
94
definition of anemophilous
wind pollinated
95
principle methods of volumetric air sampling (3)
- impaction
- impingement
- filtration
96
Two different samplers using gravitational sampling
- Durham sampler and Settle plates
97
Ragweed scientific name
Ambrosia
98
scientific name of giant ragweed
Ambrosia trifida
99
pollen food syndrome associated with ragweed (3)
banana, cantaloupe, watermelon
100
scientific name of Sage and Mugwort
Artemisia
101
Pollen food syndrome associated with sage/mugwort (3)
celery spice, peach and mustard
102
scientific name of cockleburs
Xanthium
103
tree that pollinate in the fall
Elm
- American Elm pollinates in the spring
- others in the fall
104
tree that pollinate in midwinter
Mountain cedar ( in Texas)
- Eastern red cedar pollinates in the Spring
105
scientific name and allergen for Ash tree
Fraxinus. Fra a 1
106
scientific name and allergen for Birch
Betulaceae. Bet v 1-7
107
scientific name and allergen for Mountain Cedar
Juniperus. Jun a 1-3
108
scientific name and allergen for Oak
Quercus. Que a 1
109
scientific name and allergen for Olive tree
Oleaceae. Ole e 1-8
110
scientific name and allergen for Sycamore or plane tree
Platanus. Pla a 1
111
Family members of Oleaceae (4)
Ash, Olive, Privet and Russian Olive
- strong cross reactivity
112
oral allergy syndrome with birch
Pal, remember ABC
- Pear, Peach, Potato, Plum
- Apple, Apricot
- B for birch
- Celery, Carrot
113
Family members of Oleaceae (4)
Ash, Olive, Privet, and Russian Olive
- strong cross-reactivity
114
Members of Cupressacaea family (3)
Cypress, Juniper, and Cedar
- strong cross-reactivity
- treatment with one member should be enough
115
Members of Fagaceae family (3)
Oak, Beech, Chestnut
- cross-reactivity within family and with Birch
116
difference between Box elder and Maple
- both from the same family Aceraceae, but Box elder is wind pollinated when maple is primarily insect pollinated
117
How are Willows (tree) clinically relevant?
entomophilous and not allergenically significant, but aspirin is made from their bark
118
allergens for Alternaria
Alt a 1-12
119
allergens for Cladosporium
Cla h 1-12
120
allergens for Aspergillus
Asp f 1-22
121
allergens for Penicillium (3)
Pen ch 12, 18, 20
122
main allergens for baker’s asthma (4)
various hydrolytic enzymes, egg powder, latex products, and flour
123
pollination of angiosperms
Pollen constituents either diffuse out or are expelled from the grains onto the stigma surface, after which the pollen tube emerges and grows toward the ovum.
124
another name for Lone Star Tick
Amblyomma americanum
125
Which pollens are cross-reactive with Timothy grass? (5)
Timothy grass belongs to Pooideae group, which includes Lolium (aka perennial rye).
- poa annua (blue grass)
- dactylis (orchard)
- festuca
- vernal
126
What is the family of small extracellular proteins that mammalian allergenics such as cat (Fel d 1) and cattle (Bos D 2) belong to?
Lipocalin
127
Major Wheat allergen
Tri a 19
128
cockroach allergens (2)
Bla g 1, etc
Per a 1
129
cross-reactive with Mugwort (2)
sage and wormwood
- both Artemisia sp.
130
cross-reactive with Lamb's quarter (3)
Russian thistle, burning bush, Kochia
131
cross-reactive with Johnson grass (2)
Bermuda and Bahia
132
cross-reactive with Juniper tree (2)
Cedar and Cypress
133
cross-reactive with birch (3)
Alder, Hazel and Hornbeam
134
Thommen's postulates of Allergenicity (5)
- pollen must be capable of eliciting an allergenic response
- pollen must be anemophilous (wind pollinated)
- must be sufficiently buoyant to be carried long distances by wind
- must be produced in abundance
- the plant must be widely distributed
135
principle methods of volumetric air sampling (3)
impaction, impingement and filtration
136
Durham sampler description (1) and cons (3)
- gravitational sampling. micro slides coated with adhesive and exposed for 24h
- biased towards larger particles
- cannot determine airborne concentration
- exposed to weather
137
Settle plates description (1) and cons (3)
- particles are allowed to settle onto an agar plate
- biased towards larger particles
- cannot determine airborne concentration
- generally for indoor use only
138
Burkard Spore Trap description (1), pros (1) and cons (2)
- a suction slit sampler that draws air in through a sampling orifice
- more efficient than Rotorod in collecting small particles
- more expensive than other methods
- affected by wind speed
139
Rotorod description (1), pros (2) and cons (1)
- rods that sweep through the air and collect particles on surfaces with adhesives
- not affected by wind
- can assess airborne concentration
- not efficient for smaller particles (<10 um)
140
OAS associated with Ragweed (3)
banana, cantaloupe, watermelon
141
OAS associated with sage and mugwort (3)
celery spice, peach and mustard
142
dust mite tropomysin allergen
Der p 10
143
Der p 1 and Der f 1 are?
cysteine proteases that disrupt epithelial/mucosal barriers
144
Der p 2 and Der f 2 are?
lipopolysaccharide binding proteins that activate TLR4 --> induce airway inflammation
145
major cat allergen and its type
Fel d 1 - secretoglobin
146
cat allergen that cross reacts with other furry animal allergens
Fel d 4
- Can f 2,6 and equ c 1 (horse)
147
major dog allergen that is not a lipocalin
Can f 5 (prostatic kallikrein) - in saliva and urine of male dogs only
148
Major cockroach allergens (4)
Bla g 1,2,4,5
149
trees that cross-react with mountain cedar (2)
- bald cypress
- redwood
- Japanese cedar
150
fungal antigens in the air during dry, windy afternoons (3)
- Cladosporium
- Alternaria
- Epicocum
151
airborne fungal antigens during humid and dark hours (2)
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
152
Tricolporate with spheroidal grain with pores within short furrows + short broad-based spines
Ragweed
153
Tricolpate with long, wide furrows stretching from pole to pole.
Maple
154
Tricolporate with pores in long furrows.
Sage/Mugwort
155
Birch
156
cat allergen associated with pork-cat syndrome
Fel d 2 (serum albumin)
- cross-reactive with pork albumin
157
rabbit allergen
Ory c
