Cells inc blood cells and cell membranes Flashcards
What are prokaryotes
Single celled, no nucleus
- eubacteria (true bacteria
- Archaebacteria (extremophiles)
- Cyanobacteria (aquatic photosynthesise)
What are eukaryotes
Single / multicellular, membrane bounds nucleus
- All plants + animals (yeasts, moulds, humans)
Scientific name for a fertilised egg?
Blastocyst
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells can ..
Change into any cell in the body like
- Pancreatic islet cells
- Bone marrow
- Blood
- Nerve cells
- Heart muscle
Multipotent meaning
Can differentiate into several types of cells but not all
What’s similar between cells
All cells have the same genetic code (a few exceptions). Also have similar internal structures but different functions
Try and label the structures - GO TO IPAD
Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol
Cytoplasm contains everything except the nucleus and cell membrane where as cytosol is purely just liquid and excludes other organelles
Central dogma is what
The process where DNA instructions are turned into a functional product
Transcription is what
DNA becomes RNA
Translation is what
RNA becomes a protein
What is the nucleus
Stores and moves genetic info to the next generation of cells
- Genetic info coded here, which can be used to synthesise proteins
What does DNA form
Networks of thread like structures called chromatin.
- Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes in cell division
4 features of nucleus
- Chromatin
- Nucelar envelope (double membrane)
- Nucleolus
- Nuclear pores – allow things out of nucleus into cytoplasm like mRNA, steroid hormones
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (GRANULAR) features
- ribosomes attached on systolic site
- Flattened sac look
- Packages proteins, sends to golgi
Smooth reticulum (AGRANULAR) features
- No ribosomes
- Branched tubular shape
- Synthesis lipid molecules
- Plays role in detoxifying hydrophobic molecules
- Releases Ca2+ controlling cellular activities
What are ribosomes and mention translation
- Protein factories found in the cytoplasm
- Protein molecules synthesised form amino acids using genetic info carried by mRNA from DNA in nucleus = translation
- Proteins made on free ribosomes and released into cytosol
What does the golgi apparatus do
Modify proteins from the RER into transport vesicles that travel to various cell locations ‘address labels’
- Also make secretory vesicles which leave the cell
Golgi apparatus structure
Closely apposed flattened sacs
What does the mitochondria do
Synthesises ATP
Also involved in apoptosis
Majority of energy used by cells is in ATP form from aerobic respiration
Lysosome structure
Spherical, single membrane
Lysosome function
Used to destroy things, has fluid inside containing digestive enzymes which are acidic
(digests food, organelle, cells)
Peroxisome structure
Dense oval bodies with a single membrane
Peroxisome function
Carry out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. Generate hydrogen peroxide destroying it via catalase they have.
- Perform reactions that remove H2 from organic molecules including lipids, alcohols and toxic substances
