Cells inc blood cells and cell membranes

Question 1

What are prokaryotes

Answer 1

Single celled, no nucleus
- eubacteria (true bacteria
- Archaebacteria (extremophiles)
- Cyanobacteria (aquatic photosynthesise)

Question 2

What are eukaryotes

Answer 2

Single / multicellular, membrane bounds nucleus
- All plants + animals (yeasts, moulds, humans)

Question 3

Scientific name for a fertilised egg?

Answer 3

Blastocyst

Question 4

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells can ..

Answer 4

Change into any cell in the body like
- Pancreatic islet cells
- Bone marrow
- Blood
- Nerve cells
- Heart muscle

Question 5

Multipotent meaning

Answer 5

Can differentiate into several types of cells but not all

Question 6

What’s similar between cells

Answer 6

All cells have the same genetic code (a few exceptions). Also have similar internal structures but different functions

Question 7

Try and label the structures - GO TO IPAD

Question 8

Difference between cytoplasm and cytosol

Answer 8

Cytoplasm contains everything except the nucleus and cell membrane where as cytosol is purely just liquid and excludes other organelles

Question 9

Central dogma is what

Answer 9

The process where DNA instructions are turned into a functional product

Question 10

Transcription is what

Answer 10

DNA becomes RNA

Question 11

Translation is what

Answer 11

RNA becomes a protein

Question 12

What is the nucleus

Answer 12

Stores and moves genetic info to the next generation of cells
- Genetic info coded here, which can be used to synthesise proteins

Question 13

What does DNA form

Answer 13

Networks of thread like structures called chromatin.
- Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes in cell division

Question 14

4 features of nucleus

Answer 14

• Chromatin
• Nucelar envelope (double membrane)
• Nucleolus
• Nuclear pores – allow things out of nucleus into cytoplasm like mRNA, steroid hormones

Question 15

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (GRANULAR) features

Answer 15

• ribosomes attached on systolic site
• Flattened sac look
• Packages proteins, sends to golgi

Question 16

Smooth reticulum (AGRANULAR) features

Answer 16

• No ribosomes
• Branched tubular shape
• Synthesis lipid molecules
• Plays role in detoxifying hydrophobic molecules
• Releases Ca2+ controlling cellular activities

Question 17

What are ribosomes and mention translation

Answer 17

• Protein factories found in the cytoplasm
• Protein molecules synthesised form amino acids using genetic info carried by mRNA from DNA in nucleus = translation
• Proteins made on free ribosomes and released into cytosol

Question 18

What does the golgi apparatus do

Answer 18

Modify proteins from the RER into transport vesicles that travel to various cell locations ‘address labels’
- Also make secretory vesicles which leave the cell

Question 19

Golgi apparatus structure

Answer 19

Closely apposed flattened sacs

Question 20

What does the mitochondria do

Answer 20

Synthesises ATP
Also involved in apoptosis
Majority of energy used by cells is in ATP form from aerobic respiration

Question 21

Lysosome structure

Answer 21

Spherical, single membrane

Question 22

Lysosome function

Answer 22

Used to destroy things, has fluid inside containing digestive enzymes which are acidic

(digests food, organelle, cells)

Question 23

Peroxisome structure

Answer 23

Dense oval bodies with a single membrane

Question 24

Peroxisome function

Answer 24

Carry out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. Generate hydrogen peroxide destroying it via catalase they have.
- Perform reactions that remove H2 from organic molecules including lipids, alcohols and toxic substances

Question 25

What do endosomes (a type of vesicle do)

Answer 25

They sort, modify and direct vesicular traffic

Question 26

What do vesicles do in context to endoscopes

Answer 26

They fuse to endosomes

Question 27

What do endosomes do to vesicles

Answer 27

Pinches of vesicles then they move to other organelles or are recycled and return to plasma membrane

Question 28

3 types of cytoskeleton filaments

Answer 28

• Actin filament (structural protein made from G-actin)
• Intermediate filament (a mixture of proteins)
• Microtubule (bigger, made from tubulin)

Question 29

Where are cilia found

Answer 29

On the outside of a cell

Question 30

Where are cilia typically found

Answer 30

In the respiratory system to stop dust and other particles (catches them)

Question 31

Cilia structure

Answer 31

Slender projections

Question 32

What is flagella

Answer 32

Human male gamete containing a single flagellum.

Question 33

Flagella structure

Answer 33

Lash like appendage that protrudes from the cell body