Cells (EUKARYOTIC CELLS) Flashcards
Give all of the organelles found within animal cells
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Smooth/rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cell surface membrane
Golgi apparatus and golgi vesicle
Give the function of the nucleus
–> It is the site of DNA production, ribosomes and ribosomal DNA (more for function of nucleolus)
–> Contains all of the genetic information of the cell
Describe the structure of the nucleus and all the organelles it contains
Nuclear envelope - double membrane that controls entry and exit of cells
Nuclear pores - allows passage of larger molecules out of nucleus
Nucleoplasm - granular, jelly like material
Nucleolus - small sphere within nucleus that is the site of RNA production and ribosomal DNA
Chromosomes - protein bound linear DNA
Chromatim
What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum and how do they differ
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum - has ribosomes around it
Give the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Structure - has ribosomes on its cisternae
Function: site of protein synthesis + folds and processes proteins made on the ribosome
Give the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Has no ribosomes on cisternae (cisternae is the network of folded membranes)
Function - synthesises and stores lipids and carbohydrates
Give the structure and function of the golgi apparatus and vesicles
Structure:
–> folded membranes making cisternae with small rounded structures that pinch off from cisternae called vesicles
–> similar shape to ER but more rounded
Function:
–> Add carbohydrates to proteins forming glycoproteins
–> Transport, modify and store lipids
–> Form lysosomes ( a type of vesicle)
–> Products like glycoprotein are transported to cell surface by vesicles which fuse to cell surface membrane to release contents
Give the structure and function of lysosomes
They are a type of golgi vesicle
Structure:
–> Type of membrane bound organelle containing digestive enzymes called lysozymes
Function:
–> Hydrolyse phagocytic cells
–> Autolysis - completely break down dead cells
–> Exocytosis - release enzymes to outside of cell in order to destroy material surrounding it
–> Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials
Give the structure and function of mitochondria
Structure:
–> Double membrane - folded inner membrane to form cristae
–> Matrix - contains enzymes involved in respiration
–> Contains DNA
Function:
–> Site of aerobic respiration
–> Site of ATP production
Give the structure and function of ribosomes
Structure:
2 types depending on where they are found
80s- found in eukaryotic cells
70s- found prokaryotic cells and so are smaller
–> made up of 2 subunits - one large and one small
Function:
–> Site of protein synthesis
Give the structure and function of the vacuole
Structure:
–> Filled with fluid and surrounded by a single membrane called a tonoplast
Function:
–> supports cells by making the turgid which stops wilting
–> Acts as a temporary store of amino acids and sugars
Give the structure and function of chloroplasts
Structure:
–> Chloroplast envelope/ double membrane - selective
–> Contains grana with stacks of thylakoids
–> Granas linked by lamellae
–> Stroma - fluid filled containing enzymes for photosynthesis
—> circular DNA (evolved from bacteria)
Function:
–> Site of photosynthesis
Give the structure and function of the cell wall
Structure:
In plants: made up of microfibrils of cellulose polysaccharide
In fungi: chitin
Function:
–> provides structural strength
Give the structure and function of the plasma membrane / cell surface membrane
Structure:
–> phospholipid bilayer
Function:
–> Controls what enter and exits the cell
