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A level - Biology > Cells (Cells Structure) > Flashcards

Cells (Cells Structure) Flashcards

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1
Q

Microscopy

A

The technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

Magnification

A

How many times bigger the image is when compared to the object

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3
Q

Size of real object =

A

Size of image/Magnification

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4
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance apart that two objects can be in order for them to appear as separate items

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5
Q

Cell fractionation

A

The process where cells are broken up and the different organelles they contain are separated out

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6
Q

Homogenation

A

Cells are broken up by a homogeniser, this releases the organelles from the cell

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7
Q

Ultracentrifugation

A

the process by which the fragments in the filtered homogenate are separated in a machine called a centrifuge

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8
Q

Transmission Electronic Microscope

A

Consists of an electron gun that produces a beam of electrons that is focused onto the specimen by a condenser electromagnet

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9
Q

Photomicrograph

A

An image that is produced on a screen and this can be photographed to give a photomicrograph

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10
Q

The Scanning Electron Microscope

A

All the limitations of the TEM also apply to the SEM, except that specimens need not be extremely thin as electrons do not penetrate.

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11
Q

Eyepiece Graticule

A

Is a disc placed in the eyepiece with 100 divisions and has no scale

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12
Q

Stage Micrometer

A

A microscope slide with a finely divided scale marked on the surface

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13
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and chromosomes.

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14
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell of an organism belonging to the kingdom Prokaryotae by lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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15
Q

Ultrastructure

A

The internal structure of the cell that suite it for its job

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16
Q

The nucleus

A

The most prominent feature of a eukaryotic cell

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17
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, controls entry and exit of materials in and out of nucleus

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18
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allows the passage of large molecules, such as messenger RNA, they are typically around 3000 pores in each nucleus, each 40-100nm in diameter

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19
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

The granular, jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

Consist of protein-bound, linear DNA

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21
Q

Nucleolus

A

A small spherical region within the nucleoplasm, that manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes

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22
Q

Mitochondrion

A

The sites of the aerobic stages of respiration (Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway), production of ATP

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23
Q

Double Membrane

A

Controls the entry and exit of material. The inner of the two membranes is folded to form extols known at the cristae

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24
Q

Cristae

A

Extensions of the inner membrane, provides large surface area for the attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration

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25
Q

Matrix

A

Remainder of the mitochondrion, contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and DNA (allows mitochondrion to control the production of their own proteins

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26
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

An activated nucleotide found in all living cells that acts as an energy carrier

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27
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of a substance from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

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28
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis in plants

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29
Q

The chloroplast envelope

A

Double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle, is highly selective in what it allows to enter and leave the chloroplast

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30
Q

The Grana

A

Are sacks of up to 100 disk-like structures called thylakoids

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31
Q

Thylakoids

A

Disk-like structures that contain photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll

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32
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Absorbs the light energy, gives plants their green colour

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33
Q

The Stroma

A

Fluid-filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis takes place, starch grains are also in here

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34
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

3D system of sheet-like membranes, spreading through the cytoplasm of the cells, network of tubules and cisternae

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35
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes present on the outer surfaces of the membranes, provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins

36
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lacks ribosomes on its surface and is often more tubular in appearance. Synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates

37
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Horse shoe shaped, sacks of membranes that make up flattened sacs or cristernae, with small rounded hollow structures called vesicles. Proteins from ER pass through Golgi as they are modified and labeled, then transported to golgi vesicles which are regularly pinched off from the ends of the golgi cisternae.

Function:
Add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins
Produce secretory enzymes, such as those secreted by the pancreas
Secrete carbohydrates, such as those used in making cell walls
Transport, modify and store lipids
Form lysosomes

38
Q

Cristernae

A

Any of the flattened disks of the ER and Golgi

39
Q

Lysosomes

A

Formed when vesicles produced by the Golgi contains proteases and lipases. Also contain lysozymes that hydrolyse cell walls of some bacteria. 50 such enzymes in one lysosome.Lysosomes isolate these enzymes from the rest of the cell before releasing them, either to the outside or into a phagocytic vesicle with the cell

Function:
Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white blood cells and bacteria
Release enzymes to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) in order to destroy material around the cell
Digest worn out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be re-used
Completely break down cells after they have died

40
Q

Phagocyte

A

A type of cell that is able to ingest, and sometimes dies, foreign particles, such as bacteria, carbon, dust or dye

41
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small cytoplasmic granules found in all cells, occur in cytoplasm (free) or be associated with RER

42
Q

80S

A

Found in eukaryotic cells, is around 25nm in diameter

43
Q

70S

A

Found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, is slightly smaller

44
Q

Cell Wall

A

Consists of microfibrils, embedded in a matrix, they consist of a number of polysaccharides, such as cellulose there is a thin layer, called the middle lamella, which marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements adjacent cells together

Function:

Provide mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created by the osmotic entry of water
To give mechanical strength to the plant as a whole
To allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant

45
Q

Middle Lamella

A

Layer made up of pectins and other substances found between the walls of adjacent plant cells

46
Q

Chitin

A

A large, structural polysaccharide made from chains o modified glucose, found in exoskeletons of insects and cell wall of fungi

47
Q

Cell Surface Membrane

A

Two layers of phospholipids containing other molecules particularly proteins, partially permeable, controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell

48
Q

Phospholipids

A

Triglyceride in which one of the tree fatty acid molecules is replaced by a phosphate molecule

49
Q

Cholestrol

A

Lipid that is an important component of cell-surface membranes

50
Q

Gylcolipids

A

Serve to stabilise the cell membrane, responsible for cell to cell interactions

51
Q

Proteins

A

Complex polymers that are made up of amino acids

52
Q

Vacuoles

A

Fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane

Function:
They support herbaceous plants, and herbaceous parts of woody plants, by making cells turgid
The sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
The pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects

53
Q

Tonoplast

A

The single membrane that surrounds that vacuole

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

The bulk transport of materials through the cell-surface membrane out of the cell

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

The cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell

56
Q

Autolysis

A

The destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes

57
Q

Centrioles

A

Small hollow cylinder, occur in pairs near nucleus in animal cells, Help to form spindle in nuclear division

58
Q

Spindle fibres

A

Form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell

59
Q

Tissues

A

A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

60
Q

Cell specification

A

Each cell of multicellular organisms are each specialised in different ways to perform a particular role

61
Q

Organs

A

A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions

62
Q

Organ systems

A

Many organs that are working together as a single unit

63
Q

Bacterial cell wall

A

Physical barrier that excludes certain substances and protects against mechanical damage and osmotic lysis

64
Q

Bacterial cell capsule

A

Protects bacterium from other cells and helps groups of bacteria to stick together for further protection

65
Q

Bacterial cell-surface membrane

A

Acts as a differentially permeable layer, which controls the entry and exit of chemicals

66
Q

Bacterial circular DNA (nucleoid)

A

Possesses the genetic information for the replication of bacterial cells

67
Q

Bacterial plasmid

A

Possesses genes that may aid the survival of bacteria in adverse conditions, eg (antibiotics)

68
Q

Bacterial flagellum

A

There may be one or more, used to propel cell

69
Q

Viruses

A

Non-living, contain NUCLEIC ACIDS, much smaller than bacteria

70
Q

Capsid

A

Encloses the nucleic acid (protein coat)

71
Q

Attachment proteins

A

Allow the virus to identify and attach to a host cell

72
Q

Cell division

A

The behaviour of chromosomes during interphase and the stages of mitosis

73
Q

Mitosis

A

A process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

74
Q

Interphase

A 
G1 = biosynthesis organelles replicate proteins and other molecules made
S = chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids
G2 = further cell growth
75
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes visible, shorten and thicken (super-coil)
Centrioles move to poles of the cell
Spindle fibres start to develop from centrioles
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintergrate

76
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromere holding the chromatids together
Chromosomes are pulled towards the centre of the cell where they line up along the equator

77
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide in two
Spindle fibres contract and pull chromatids
Chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

78
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes unravel and become longer and thinner - once widespread this material is called chromatin
Spindle fibres disintegrate
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane form at each pole

79
Q

Cytocenises in animal cells

A

Ring of contractile protein (actin and myosin)

Contract to pull plasma membrane inwards to form cleavage furrow

80
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Vesicles move to equator and fuse to form tubular structures
Vesicles deposit pectin in between cells by exocytosis = middle lamella
Vesicles deposit cellulose next to pectin = cell walls

81
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that contain only a single copy of each chromosome

82
Q

Diploid

A

Cells in which the nucleus contains two sets of chromosomes

83
Q

Replication of Viruses

A

Attach to host cell with attachment proteins
Inject their nucleic acid
Provides instructions for host cell’s metabolic processes to start producing viral components

84
Q

Cancer and controls of mitosis

A

Caused by a growth disorder in cells
Cells divide and increase size of mutated cells
Caused by mutation in two genes

85
Q

Treatment of cancer

A

Blocking part of the cell cycle

A level - Biology (21 decks)

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