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biology > cells as a basis of life > Flashcards

cells as a basis of life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

disk-shaped, double membrane, own DNA, photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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2
Q

double memebrane, own DNA, preforms chemical resperation, number depends on energy needed

A

mitochondria

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3
Q

sepretes cellcontentcs from outsite enviroment, semi-permable

A

cell membrane/plasma mebrane

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4
Q

gives strucual strength and protections, not in animal cells

A

cell wall

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5
Q

gives cell volume and shape

A

cytoplasm

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6
Q

small cylindrical structures, involved in cell devision

A

centrioles

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7
Q

used to help cell move around,

A

pili and flagella

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8
Q

contain fluid (water+salt+sugar), stores substances for when needed, size + quantity vary

A

vacuole

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9
Q

contains DNA, needed for growth + repiar and proper functioning, like a control room

A

nucleus

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10
Q

mainly made of proteins and ribodnucleic acid (RNA) where ribosomes are made

A

nucleolus

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11
Q

makes proteins, made up of ribosomal RNA

A

ribosomes

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12
Q

a netwrok of flattened memnbranes, 2 diffrent types:one makes lipids and the other prossess + modifys proteins

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth and rough

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13
Q

made of flat membrane sacks stacked on top of each other whihc arent connected. function- process + package substances the cell has made, vesicles are then used to transport substances where needed

A

golgi body

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14
Q

speccfic example of a vesicle, contains digestive enzyme

A

lysosomes

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15
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model?

A

it explains the structure and function of the cell membrane. cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers. Within this there are carbohydrates, chlosterol and protein. the function is to seperate, regulate, and communicate

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16
Q

does not have a nucleus or any other membrane bound cells. have ribsomes, peptidoglycan cell wall and the dna is small and circular. unicellular. flagella + pili

A

prokaryotes

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17
Q

has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, their DNA is straight, and in large amounts. gennearlly multicellular

A

eukaryotes

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18
Q

how to calculate actual manification

A

ocular lens x objective lense = total magnification.
thefore you know the diamtere of FOV
number of cells in FOV
magnified size=diameter/number of cells
actual size= magnified size/magnification

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19
Q

what are the differences between the light and electron micoscopes

A

both create a magnified specimen. the magnification and resolution of light microcopes is far less then the electron. the price of light microscopes are cheaper which is why they are used in school. and the prepation of samples are fast and need low expertise. colour cannot be used on elctron microcopes and the speciman has to be dead whearas light microscopes can use alive speicmans and colour

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20
Q

how does an electron microscope work

A

it shoots a beam of electrons at the speicmen in a vacuum, theses electrons intract and bounce off everywhere. dectors measure the richoet and a computer uses this infomantion to make an electron micrograph

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21
Q

what charteristics determine wether the cell membrane is permbale or not

A

size- permable to small.
charge-if it is postivly or negaticely charged or neutral molecules. neutral ones are permambles, charged are not
soluability- how easily and quickly they dissolve in th cell membrane, must be permable already. hydrophobic

22
Q

what is passive transport

A

passive transport is the movemnt of materials across the cell membrane without the use of energy. an area of high concertration will want to balence out to the low concentration area

23
Q

simple diffusion

A

is the diffusion of subastances directly through the phospholipid bilayer

24
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

is the diffusion of substances through the cell membrane via channel and carrier proteins. Each channel proteins has a unique diameter and AA lining so only particular molecules can fit through and every carrier proteins that change their own shape to allow diffusion of material

25
Q

what is osmisos

A

it is the movement of water to reach equalibrialm across a semiper, able membrane

26
Q

osmosis vs diffusion

A

they both use passive transport and have a down concentraion gradient. osmosis can only diffuse water while diffusion can have any. osmosis needs a semipermable mebrane and diffusion doesn’t.

27
Q

what is active transport

A

it is the movemnet of maretials acroos the cell membrane that rqiures energy ATP and is pretty much the oppersite of passive transport, low to high concentration

28
Q

what is bulk transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis, the formation of vesicles

29
Q

used to transport materials IN to the cell, cell mebrane englufs an external substance

A

endocystosis

30
Q

endocytosis has three types: name them and what they do

A

pinocytosis- engulfing a liquid
phagocytosis- engulfing a soild
receptor-mediator- protein receptors trigger it for a very specffic molecule

31
Q

used to transport materials OUT to the cell, usally waste,

A

exocytosis

32
Q

the rate of exchange involves:

A

the concentraiton gradient, SA:V ratio, particle size and temperature

33
Q

how do we explain a gradual change in concentration from one region to another

A

concentraiton gradient

34
Q

SA:V ratios how to calculate

A

SA- total area of all the outside surfaces of an object (cm2)
V- amount of space an object takes up (cm3)
SA:V- SA?V

35
Q

why is SA:V ratios important

A

the higher the SA:V ratio the more efficiently materials can be exchanged across its surface

36
Q

how can cells increase its SA:V ratio

A

they can have a flattened shape or have cell membrane extensions

37
Q

what do particle size and temperature affect

A

passive transport (diffusion and osmosis),
particle size- the samller the particle, the faster the rate of diffusion
temperature- increasing the temp increases the speed at which they move

38
Q

how to cells get ATP?

A

they use the chemical energy from the breakdown of food to make ATP. Cellular respiration

39
Q

organimis which can make thier own food and examples

A

autotrophs, plants, algae and some bacteria

40
Q

how do autrophs make their own food

A

they use external energy to turn inoganic compunds (air, soil) into food. eg: phootosynthesis

41
Q

organismis which can not make thei own foods are called ___________ give some examples.

A

heterotrophs, animals, fungi, most bacteria and protisis

42
Q

how do hetrotrophs get their food

A

they get their nutrients and energy by consuming other oragnisms

43
Q

organic vs inorganic compounds

A

organic contain carbon and hydrogen and are only made by living organisms while inorganic are ones have dont contain crabon and hydrogen and are everything else

44
Q

types of cellular waste and why they need to go

A

carbon dioxide- makes cells acidic
nitrogenous- makes cells basic
(theses both destroy cell structures)
water- takes up space and may cause cell to pop and die.

45
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

it is the process by which plants use sunlight to make thei own organic compounds (food)
6CO2+6H20>C6H12O6+6O2

46
Q

what teo types of reactions are there

A

light-depentant: occur when chlorophyll captures the light energy
light-independent: occur in the stroma

47
Q

what is cellular resperation?

A

is the prossec by which organic compounds are broken doen to produce ATP. areobic (losts of oxygen) and anaerobic (not rnough oxygen)
occus in mitochondria

48
Q

what is an enzyme

A

they are biological catalysts, which spped up chemical reactions inside cells. they are high;ly specfic and will only cataylese 1 substrate

49
Q

how do enzymes work

A

lock and key model. enzyme (lock) + substrate (key) > enzyme-substrate complek (lock and key) > enzyme (lock) + products

50
Q

how can enzymes be effected

A

tempreture, ph and substrate concentration. these are optimal, most human ones work best at our body temp (37*)

biology (2 decks)

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