cells as a basis of life

Question 1

disk-shaped, double membrane, own DNA, photosynthesis

Answer 1

chloroplast

Question 2

double memebrane, own DNA, preforms chemical resperation, number depends on energy needed

Answer 2

mitochondria

Question 3

sepretes cellcontentcs from outsite enviroment, semi-permable

Answer 3

cell membrane/plasma mebrane

Question 4

gives strucual strength and protections, not in animal cells

Answer 4

cell wall

Question 5

gives cell volume and shape

Answer 5

cytoplasm

Question 6

small cylindrical structures, involved in cell devision

Answer 6

centrioles

Question 7

used to help cell move around,

Answer 7

pili and flagella

Question 8

contain fluid (water+salt+sugar), stores substances for when needed, size + quantity vary

Answer 8

vacuole

Question 9

contains DNA, needed for growth + repiar and proper functioning, like a control room

Answer 9

nucleus

Question 10

mainly made of proteins and ribodnucleic acid (RNA) where ribosomes are made

Answer 10

nucleolus

Question 11

makes proteins, made up of ribosomal RNA

Answer 11

ribosomes

Question 12

a netwrok of flattened memnbranes, 2 diffrent types:one makes lipids and the other prossess + modifys proteins

Answer 12

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
smooth and rough

Question 13

made of flat membrane sacks stacked on top of each other whihc arent connected. function- process + package substances the cell has made, vesicles are then used to transport substances where needed

Answer 13

golgi body

Question 14

speccfic example of a vesicle, contains digestive enzyme

Answer 14

lysosomes

Question 15

what is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 15

it explains the structure and function of the cell membrane. cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers. Within this there are carbohydrates, chlosterol and protein. the function is to seperate, regulate, and communicate

Question 16

does not have a nucleus or any other membrane bound cells. have ribsomes, peptidoglycan cell wall and the dna is small and circular. unicellular. flagella + pili

Answer 16

prokaryotes

Question 17

has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, their DNA is straight, and in large amounts. gennearlly multicellular

Answer 17

eukaryotes

Question 18

how to calculate actual manification

Answer 18

ocular lens x objective lense = total magnification.
thefore you know the diamtere of FOV
number of cells in FOV
magnified size=diameter/number of cells
actual size= magnified size/magnification

Question 19

what are the differences between the light and electron micoscopes

Answer 19

both create a magnified specimen. the magnification and resolution of light microcopes is far less then the electron. the price of light microscopes are cheaper which is why they are used in school. and the prepation of samples are fast and need low expertise. colour cannot be used on elctron microcopes and the speciman has to be dead whearas light microscopes can use alive speicmans and colour

Question 20

how does an electron microscope work

Answer 20

it shoots a beam of electrons at the speicmen in a vacuum, theses electrons intract and bounce off everywhere. dectors measure the richoet and a computer uses this infomantion to make an electron micrograph

Question 21

what charteristics determine wether the cell membrane is permbale or not

Answer 21

size- permable to small.
charge-if it is postivly or negaticely charged or neutral molecules. neutral ones are permambles, charged are not
soluability- how easily and quickly they dissolve in th cell membrane, must be permable already. hydrophobic

Question 22

what is passive transport

Answer 22

passive transport is the movemnt of materials across the cell membrane without the use of energy. an area of high concertration will want to balence out to the low concentration area

Question 23

simple diffusion

Answer 23

is the diffusion of subastances directly through the phospholipid bilayer

Question 24

facilitated diffusion

Answer 24

is the diffusion of substances through the cell membrane via channel and carrier proteins. Each channel proteins has a unique diameter and AA lining so only particular molecules can fit through and every carrier proteins that change their own shape to allow diffusion of material

Question 25

what is osmisos

Answer 25

it is the movement of water to reach equalibrialm across a semiper, able membrane

Question 26

osmosis vs diffusion

Answer 26

they both use passive transport and have a down concentraion gradient. osmosis can only diffuse water while diffusion can have any. osmosis needs a semipermable mebrane and diffusion doesn't.

Question 27

what is active transport

Answer 27

it is the movemnet of maretials acroos the cell membrane that rqiures energy ATP and is pretty much the oppersite of passive transport, low to high concentration

Question 28

what is bulk transport

Answer 28

endocytosis and exocytosis, the formation of vesicles

Question 29

used to transport materials IN to the cell, cell mebrane englufs an external substance

Answer 29

endocystosis

Question 30

endocytosis has three types: name them and what they do

Answer 30

pinocytosis- engulfing a liquid phagocytosis- engulfing a soild receptor-mediator- protein receptors trigger it for a very specffic molecule

Question 31

used to transport materials OUT to the cell, usally waste,

Answer 31

exocytosis

Question 32

the rate of exchange involves:

Answer 32

the concentraiton gradient, SA:V ratio, particle size and temperature

Question 33

how do we explain a gradual change in concentration from one region to another

Answer 33

concentraiton gradient

Question 34

SA:V ratios how to calculate

Answer 34

SA- total area of all the outside surfaces of an object (cm2) V- amount of space an object takes up (cm3) SA:V- SA?V

Question 35

why is SA:V ratios important

Answer 35

the higher the SA:V ratio the more efficiently materials can be exchanged across its surface

Question 36

how can cells increase its SA:V ratio

Answer 36

they can have a flattened shape or have cell membrane extensions

Question 37

what do particle size and temperature affect

Answer 37

passive transport (diffusion and osmosis), particle size- the samller the particle, the faster the rate of diffusion temperature- increasing the temp increases the speed at which they move

Question 38

how to cells get ATP?

Answer 38

they use the chemical energy from the breakdown of food to make ATP. Cellular respiration

Question 39

organimis which can make thier own food and examples

Answer 39

autotrophs, plants, algae and some bacteria

Question 40

how do autrophs make their own food

Answer 40

they use external energy to turn inoganic compunds (air, soil) into food. eg: phootosynthesis

Question 41

organismis which can not make thei own foods are called ___________ give some examples.

Answer 41

heterotrophs, animals, fungi, most bacteria and protisis

Question 42

how do hetrotrophs get their food

Answer 42

they get their nutrients and energy by consuming other oragnisms

Question 43

organic vs inorganic compounds

Answer 43

organic contain carbon and hydrogen and are only made by living organisms while inorganic are ones have dont contain crabon and hydrogen and are everything else

Question 44

types of cellular waste and why they need to go

Answer 44

carbon dioxide- makes cells acidic nitrogenous- makes cells basic (theses both destroy cell structures) water- takes up space and may cause cell to pop and die.

Question 45

what is photosynthesis

Answer 45

it is the process by which plants use sunlight to make thei own organic compounds (food) 6CO2+6H20>C6H12O6+6O2

Question 46

what teo types of reactions are there

Answer 46

light-depentant: occur when chlorophyll captures the light energy light-independent: occur in the stroma

Question 47

what is cellular resperation?

Answer 47

is the prossec by which organic compounds are broken doen to produce ATP. areobic (losts of oxygen) and anaerobic (not rnough oxygen) occus in mitochondria

Question 48

what is an enzyme

Answer 48

they are biological catalysts, which spped up chemical reactions inside cells. they are high;ly specfic and will only cataylese 1 substrate

Question 49

how do enzymes work

Answer 49

lock and key model. enzyme (lock) + substrate (key) > enzyme-substrate complek (lock and key) > enzyme (lock) + products

Question 50

how can enzymes be effected

Answer 50

tempreture, ph and substrate concentration. these are optimal, most human ones work best at our body temp (37*)