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biosci 107 > cells and tissues > Flashcards

cells and tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 levels of structural organisation of the human body

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. system
  6. organism
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2
Q

description and examples of the structural levels

A

chem - building blocks eg. atoms join to form molecules
cellular - basic structural and functional units of body eg. cardiac muscle cells, nerve cells
tissue - group of cells work together to perform particular function (4 classes = epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve) eg. cardiac muscle
organ - structures w/ specific funtions made of 2 or more types of tissues eg. heart, stomach, skin, brain
system - related organs w/ common funtion eg. cardiovascular
organismal - all parts functioning together to constitute living organism

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3
Q

11 body systems are…

A
  • INTEGUMENTARY
  • MUSCULAR
  • SKELETAL
  • URINARY
  • REPRODUCTIVE
  • DIGESTIVE
  • NERVOUS
  • ENDOCRINE
  • LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE
  • CARDIOVASCULAR
  • RESPIRATORY
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4
Q

integumentary systems components (organs) and functions

A
  • CUTANEOUS MEM. (skin) epidermis and dermis - E = protects surface, deeper tissues, vit. D. D = feeds E, strength
  • HAIR follicles & sebaceous glands - sensation, protection, lubrication, removes waste
  • SWEAT GLANDS - thermor. breast tissue = modified sweat gland
  • NAILS - stiffen & protect digits
  • SENSORY RECEPTORS - sensation touch temp. pain etc
  • HYPODERMIS - fat stores insulation
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5
Q

muscular system components and functions

A

• SKELETAL MUSCLES - skeletal movement, entrance & exit to D sys R sys U sys

  • AXIAL MUSCLES - support & positioning of axial skele
  • APPENDICULAR MUS - support & move brace limbs
  • TENDONS AND APONEUROSES - translate contractile forces to tasks. T = muscles to bone. A - muscle to muscle connection
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6
Q

skeletal system components and functions

A
  • BONES CARTILATE JOINTS - c = bone interfaces. types: hyaline (ribs) fibro-(disks)
  • AXIAL skele - skull, cartilage, ligaments. protects brain & SC, sense organs. supports body weight (over lower limbs)
  • APPENDICULAR - limbs and supporting bones & ligaments. internal support —> muscles can move axial skele
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7
Q

nervous system

A
  • CNS - control centre short term control over other systems
  • brain - complex integrative activities
  • spinal cord - relay info to & from brain, less complex act. eg reflex arc
  • special senses (CNS AND PNS except optic nerve - CNS) - sensory input to brain sight hearing smell taste equilibrium
  • PNS - link CNS w other systems and sense organs
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8
Q

endocrine system

A
  • PINEAL GLAND - brain, day & night systems
  • HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY - brain, control other endocrine glands, reg. growth, fluid balance
  • THYROID + PARATHYROID GLANDS - throat, metabolic rate & calcium levels
  • THYMUS - below thyroid, maturation of lymphocytes
  • ADRENAL - top of kidneys. water & mineral balance, tissue metabolism, cardio and resp function (adrenaline)
  • KIDNEYS - RBC production, calcium levels, BP up
  • PANCREAS
  • GONADS - sexual characteristics & reprod.
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9
Q

growth hormone effects

A
  • pit. gland releases —> migrates to liver —> prod. of IGF —> bone muscle and skin
  • too much as child = gigantism
  • too much as adult = acromegaly - sharp features etc
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10
Q

lymphatic and immune system

A
  • LYMPHATIC VESSELS - carry lymph fluid & lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of CV sys (blood)
  • LYMPHATIC FLUID - all extra fluid around cells + lipids from gut
  • LYMPH NODES (incl. tonsils - back of throat) - monitor composition of lymph, engilf pathogens, immune response (B&T)
  • SPLEEN - next to left side of stomach. immune resp, engulf pathogens, recycle RBC, monitors circulation blood cells
  • THYMUS - development and maintenance of T cell lymphocytes
  • lymph. sys. absorb excess interstitial fluid and transport (proteins and fluid) to CV sys
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11
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • HEART - maintains BP, propels blood
  • BLOOD VESSELS - arteries = from heart to cap. cap = diffusion between blood and interstitial fliuds. veins = return blood from cap to heart
  • BLOOD = transport of o2 ans co2, nutrients, hormones, removes waste, temp, acid base balance, defense against illness (immune cells)
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12
Q

respiratory system

A
  • NASAL CAVITY & SINUSES - filter warm humidify air, smells
  • PHARYNX - air to larynx
  • LARYNX - protects opening to trachea, vocal chords
  • TRACHEA - conducts air, cartilage keeps open
  • BRONCHI - air from trach. to lungs
  • LUNGS - air movement, gas exchange, acid base control
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13
Q

digestive system

A
  • ORAL CAVITY - break up food w teeth tongue
  • SALIVARY GLANDS - (acid base) buffer, lubricant, enzymes eg. amylase
  • PHARYNX - solid and liquid to oes.
  • OESOPHAGUS - food to stomach
  • STOMACH - secrets acid enzymes hormones
  • SMALL INTESTINE - digestive enzymes, buffers and hormones, absorbs nutrients
  • LIVER - bile, reg. nutrients in blood
  • GALLBLADDER - concentrates bile
  • PANCREAS - dig. enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells
  • LARGE INTESTINE & ANUS - water removal, waste storage & removal
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14
Q

urinary system

A
  • KIDNEYS - form and concentrate urine, reg. pH and ions, blood vol and pressure
  • URETERS - urine to bladder
  • BLADDER - stores urine
  • URETHRA - urine to exterior
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15
Q

EPO

A
  • glycoprotein hormone produced by kidney
  • signals for erythropoesis in bone marrow - production of RBC
  • more hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cells) = RBC prod. —> blood carry more o2
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16
Q

reproductive system FEMALE

A
  • OVARIES (gonad) - oocytes hormones
  • UTERINE TUBES - delivery oocyte location of fertilisation
  • UTERUS - embryonic development
  • VAG & EXTERNAL GENITALS - lubrication, birth canal, sperm reception
  • MAMMARY GLANDS - nutrition for newborn
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17
Q

reproductive system MALE

A
  • TESTES (gonad) - hormones, sperm prod
  • EPIDIDYMIS - s mature
  • DUCTUS DEFERENS - s from epididi
  • SEMINAL & PROSTATE GLANDS - seminal fluid
  • URETHRA - s to exterior
  • PENIS & SCROTUM - reprod. thermal, control testes
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18
Q

4 types of tissues are…

A

EPITHELIAL
CONNECTIVE
MUSCLE
NERVOUS

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19
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces
lines hollow organs tubes cavities ducts
forms glands

protection
filtration
secretion
excretion
absorption
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20
Q

connective tissue

A

cells in matrix of fibres and ground substance (inc. blood) - CT = ECM + cells
not on body surfaces, highly vascular (unlike epi. except cartilage avasc; tendons little blood supply), supplied by nerves (like epi. except cartilage)
protects, supports connects body organs
transport- distributes blood vessels to other tissues
stores energy (adipose tissue)

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21
Q

nervous tissue

A

conducting nerve cells and supportive neuroglia

detects changes and carries info through generating nerve impulses

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22
Q

5 typesof junctions are..

A 
TIGHT
ADHERENS
DESMOSOMES
HEMIDESMOSOMES
GAP
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23
Q

tight junctions

A

strands of transmembrane proteins (claudin, occludin), more strands = tighter
prevent migration of proteins between apical & basal surfaces, prevent contents of organs leaking to blood
LOCATIONS - stomach, intestine, bladder

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24
Q

adherens junctions

A

belt desmosome/adhesion belt (plaque layer of proteins)
more basal than tj
cadherins spans gap - catenins link cadherin to actin (microfilament on plaque), crosses intercellular space & attaches to cadherin of adj. cell
prevent cell from separation during contraction
LOCATIONS - intestines,

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25
Q

desmosomes

A

plaque attaches to intermediate filaments - keratin
k spans from one side of desmosome to other - stability
cadherin link cell surface to keratin, span gap
resist shearing forces
LOCATIONS - cardiac muscle cells, epidermal cells, skin epithelium

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26
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

anchor epithelia to bm
plaque
INTEGRIN linker protein binds to LAMININ in bm and KERATIN in cytoplasm

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27
Q

gap junctions

A

direct connection between cells —> communication
6 connexINs —> 1 connexon / hemichannel —> 2 connexons = gap junction (hydrophillic channel)
ions, small mol. (~1kDa mol.) diff from one cystol to another. NOT large molecules eg. protein
LOCATIONS - mucles , nerves (impulses), heart, gastointestinal tract, uterus

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28
Q

cytoskeleton

A 
MICROFILAMENTS (eg. actin) - bundles beneath cell mem. and cyt. , strength, alter cell shape, link cyt to mem, tie cells together, muscle contraction
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (eg keratin) - strength, move materials through cytoplasm
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29
Q

basement membrane (structure, function)

A

2 parts - basal lamina (secreted by epi. cells; collagen, laminin, glycoproteins), reticular lamina (secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue;fibrous protiens - fibronectin, collagen)
epi cells avascular, exchange of nutrients and waste by diff through bm from ct vessels
physical barrier
supports epi
surface where epi cells migrate - growth and wound healing

30
Q

arrangement and shape of covering and lining epithelia

A

ARRANGEMENT
- simple (single layer) secretion, absorption, filtration, diff, osms
- stratified (multiple layers) protection
- pseudostratified (looks like strat, not - nuclei diff places, not all reach apical but ALL reach bm) secretion
SHAPE
- squamous (flat thin) diffusion
- cuboidal secretion absorbtion
- transitional (strat epi from cuboidal to flat) allow stretching
- columnar (taller than wide, apical surfaces have cilia or mv) protection secretion absorption

31
Q

simple squamous epi

A

FILT, DIFF, SECRETION (serous mem)
thin, flat, irregular, most delicate, central nucleus
MESOTHELIUM - lines serous mem (pericardial, pleural, pentoneal cavities)
ENDOTHELIUM - lines inside of <3, blood, lymphatic vessels
L: bowmans cap, cardio & lymph sys, eye, lungs, heart

32
Q

simple cuboidal epi

A

SECRETION ABSORPTION
central nucleus
L: ovary, kidney tubules, thyroid, pancreas ducts, eye (post. retina; ant. lens)

33
Q

simple columnar epi

A

NON C: SECRETION, ABSORPTION, LUBRICATION (goblet cells)
- mv —> high SA —> higher rate of absoption
- L: gastointestinal tract, ducts of glands, gallbladder
C: cilia beat —> movement of mucus/foreign objects/oocytes
- goblet cells
- L: bronchioles, fallopian tubes, brain ventricles, spinal chord

34
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

ciliated - SECRETION via goblet cells —> trap foreign particles —> cilia sweep away
n ciliated - ABSORPTION, PROTECTION no goblet cells
L: c = resp tract, nc = larger ducts of glands, epididymus, part of male urethra

35
Q

stratified squamous

A

PROTECTION from ABRASION, WATER LOSS, UV RADIATION, FOREIGN INVASION (keratinised), MICROBES
bottom = cuboidal/columnar, top is squamous
apical cells dehydrated less metabolically active —> tough, hard —> die & sloughed off and replaces
KERATINISED = tough layer of k in apical surface + several layers deep - waterproof
N-K = moistened by mucus, organelles not replaced
L: K = skin, N-K = wet surfaces; lining of mouth, oesophagus, vag, covers tongue

36
Q

stratified cuboidal epi

A

PROTECTION, limited s & a
rare
L: ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophageal glands, part of male urethra

37
Q

stratified columnar epi

A

PROTECTION, SECRETION
basal layers irregular & short; only apical columnar
uncommon
L: urethra, oesophageal glands, eye, anus

38
Q

transitional epi

A

ALLOW urinary organs to STRETCH, maintain lining while holding FLUID w/o rupturing
relaxed = strat cub - apical large round, stretched = strat squamous
L: hollow structures; urinary bladder, parts of ureters, urethra

39
Q

exocrine glands vs endocrine glands (classification of glandular epithelia)

A 
endocrine = secrete to blood via interstitial fluid (int —> diff to blood) FAR reaching effects
exocrine = secrete to ducts —> empty on surface of covering & lining epi LOCAL/LIMITED effects
40
Q

2 types of glandular epi

A

UNICELLULAR - goblet cells (exocrine) mucus on apical lining of epi
MULTICELLULAR:
categorised by - branched or unbranched ducts; shape of secretory portion of gland; relo between the two

41
Q

types of ducts and secretory portion of multicellular glands

A 
branched ducts = compound
non branched ducts = simple
s tubular = tubular
s rounded = alveolar/acinar
s tubular and rounded = tubuloacinar
42
Q

types of multicellular glands (epi)

A

SIMPLE TUBULAR - intestinal glands
SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR - gastric glands
SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR - meocrine sweat glands
SIMPLE ACINAR - urethra (M)
SIMPLE BRANCHED ACINAR - sebaceous glands
COMPOUND TUBULAR - mucus glands (mouth)
COMPOUND ACINAR - mammory glands
COMPOUND TUBULOACINAR - pancreas, salivary glands

43
Q

(connective tissue) extracellullar matrix composed of (basic)

A

GS (ground substance) + F (3 major types of protein fibres secreted by cells in ecm - collagen, reticular, elastic)

44
Q

ground subtance (ecm connective tissue) composed of.. (basic)

A

WATER
PROTEINS
POLYSACCHARIDES - glycosaminoglycans (GAGS*)
* long unbranched polysacc, repeating disacc unit - amino sugar, uronic sugar, highly polar and attract water

45
Q

GAGS types and applications

A

trap water to make GS more jelly
SULPHATED - bind to core protein —> proteoglycan
N-S - hyaluronic acid joined to PGs, unusual as ns and no covalent bond to c protein
APPLICATIONS
• HA - viscous, slippery, bind cells together, lubricates joints, maintains shape of eyeball
• hyaluronidase - digest HA, prod by sperm, WBC, bacteria —> GS more liquid —> move more easily
• (GS) chondoitin sulphate - support & adhesive feats of cartilage, bone, skin, bv
• keratan s - bone, cartilage, cornea of eye
• dermatan s - skin, tendons, bv, heart valves

46
Q

disease related to ECM decomp

A

periorbital ECM decomp & thyroid dis. = exopthalamus
decomp of gags —> influx of h2o —> more orbital contents behind eye (ecm in tissues) —> eyes forward
autoimmune overreaction of goitre = swollen thyroid gland
AI action on firbroblasts in ecm of eye
common in younger women

47
Q

3 types of connective tissue protein fibres in ecm

A

collagen (thick)- strong & flexible resist pulling forces, feat. vary in diff tissues, 25% of body (most abundant protein), parallell bundles. L: bone, cart., tendons, ligaments
reticular - fine bundles of c + glycop coating (= more protein than sugar), made by fibroblasts, strength + support, thinner branches in tissue, networks in v & tissues (esp. adipose, nerve, smooth muscle), bm
elastic - thinner than c, fibrous network, elastin (p) + surrounded by fibrillin (glycop) —> strength, stability, stretch 150% w/o breaking. L: bv, lungs, skin

48
Q

defect in elastic fibres gives rise to..

A

MARFAN syndrome
dom. mutation in gene in cms 15 (code for fibrillin)
body prod. Transforming GF beta (TGFb) - doesnt bind normally to fibrillin to keep tgfb inactive —> growth
tall, ling limbed, chest deformed, medical vigilance for bp, weak <3 valves, arterial walls
1/20,000 live births

49
Q

two main types of cells in connective tissue

A

FIBROBLASTS - wide distribution in CT; migratory. secrete components of ECM (f + gs)
ADIPOSE (fat cells) - under skin, around organs. store fat (triglycerides)

50
Q

other cells in connective tissue

A
  • macrophages - phagocytes; fixed (dust cells in lungs, kupffer in liver, langerhans skin) and wandering in CT (sites of infection/inflammation/injury)
  • plasma cells - from B-lymphocyte, prod. antibodies. gut, lungs, salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen
  • mast - prod histamine —> dialate vessels. next to bv
  • leucocytes - WBC. migrate from blood
51
Q

embyronic connective tissue

A

MESENCHYME - gives rise to other all other CT. CT cells (mesenchymal cells) in semi-fluid GS (containing reticular fibres)
MUCOUS - widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like GS, supports umbilical cord

52
Q

lose connective tissue (3 types)

A

LOSE = many cells, few fibres
AREOLAR (most common) - 3 types of fibres - c, r, e, widely distributed around almost every structure. STRENGTH, ELASTICITY, SUPPORT

ADIPOSE - adipocyte dominant, found w/ aerolar CT, white = energy storage, brown = heat prod. buttocks, flanks, abdomen, eye. INSULATION, ENERGY SOURCE, TEMP. COMTROL

RETICULAR - thin interlacing network of reticular fibres & r cells. stroma or liver, spleen, lympg nodes; RL of BM; around bv and muscles. FORMS STROMA, BINDS smooth mucle to tissue cells, FILTERS & REMOVES worn out bc in speen & microbes in lymph nodes

53
Q

dense connective tissue (3 types)

A

DENSE = more fibres, fewer cells
REGULAR - tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses. reg. arranged collagen w/ rows of fibroblasts in between. shiny white, collagen fibres not living. SLOW HEALING, ATTACHMENT BETWEEN STRUCTURES, WITHSTANDS TENSION

IRREGULAR - collagen irregular arrangement w/ few fibroblasts. sheets beneath skin (fasciae), periosteum of bone, joint capsules, mem capsules around kidneys liver testes lymph nodes, heart valves. TENSILE STRENGTH IN MANY DIRECTIONS

ELASTIC - elastic fibres w/ fibroblasts in between, yellowish. lung tissue, elastic arteries, tachea, bronchial tubes, vocal chords. STRETCHING, STRONG

54
Q

cartilage structure and funtion

A

dense network of collagen and elastic fibres embedded in chondroitin sulphate
no nerves or blood supply in ECM
strength = collagen; resilience = chondroitin sulphate
chondrocytes (cells of mature cartilage) singly or in groups within lacunae (spaces) ECM
perichondrium (dense irreg. tissue - bv, nerves ) covers cartilage surface
resist tension, compression, shear —> support
precursor to bone

55
Q

cartilage 3 types

A

HYALINE - relatively weak resiliet gel, fibres present but not obvious. most abundant; end of long bones, anterior ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi. FLEXIBILIY, SUPPORT, MOVEMENT

FIBROCARTILAGE - chondorcytes w/ clearly visible bundles of collagen fibres, no perichondrium. intervertebral discs, menisci (pads) of knees. SUPPORT, JOINING STRUCTURES TOGETHER, strongest type

ELASTIC - chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres, preichon. present. ear, lid on larynx (epiglottis), auditoru tubes. STRENGTH, ELASTICITY, MAINTAIN SHAPE

56
Q

bone tissue (2 types)

A

BONE = organs composed of several CT types incl. bone tissue
COMPACT - outer layer, forms shaft of long bones, aka cortical bone. made up of rod shaped units - osteons/haversian syst. PROTECTION, SUPPORT, stores calcium and phosphorus

SPONGY - NO osteons, stores triglycerides (yellow marrow), PROD RBC (red marrow)

57
Q

bone cell types

A

OSTEOGENIC - mesenchymal stem cells develop —> lay collagen —> trapped —> turn into
OSTEOBLASTS - bone forming cells. more collagen, mineralisation process
OSTEOCYTES - MATURE bone cells from osteoblasts trapped within ECM. maintain bone tissue, exhcange of nutrients and waste, gap junctions
OSTEOCLASTS - large multinucleated cells, formed from fusion of blood monocytes, break down bone, remodel new bone

58
Q

structure of osteons (haversian systems)

A
  1. lamellae - concentric rings of mineral salts (hardness, eg. Ca hydroxide, Ca phosphate —> hydroxyapatite) and collagen (tensile strength).
  2. lacunae - small spaces between lamellae contain osteocytes
  3. canaliculi - “minute canals” (EC fluid, process of osteocytes) provide routes for O2 nutrients waste to osteocytes
  4. central haversian canal - bv, lymph, nerves
59
Q

liquid connective tissue blood

A

blood plasma = ECM
formed elements = red cells white cells platelets
formed elements -
erythrocytes transport O2 and CO2
platelets (from megakaryocites in red marrow) for clotting
leukocytes:
neutrophils, monocytes (macrophages) = phagolcytic engulf bacteria
basophils (mobile), mast cells (immature circulate; mature fixed in tissue) = release (eg histamine) that intensity inflammatiry reaction
eosinophils = parasitic worms and allergic response
lymphocytes = immune response

60
Q

muscle tissue basic structure/function

A

elongated cells (muscle fibre; myocyte), use energy from hydrolysis of ATP –> generate force. Contraction –> maintain posture, heat, movement

61
Q

skeletal muscle tissue (basic not striation detail)

A

striated
contraction = voluntary (except posture spine)
cylindrical fibres
smallest = stapedius (1.25mm) stabilises smallest bones in ear, prevents hyperacusis (bells palsy; sound perception wrong –> loud –> muscle not functioning) transforms noise to auditory sys. vibrations
longest = sartorius (<60cm hip to knee). hip flexor, abductee, lateral rotator.
multinucleate - peripheral nuclei to side

62
Q

striations in skeletal muscle tissue

A

myofibrils in sarcoplasm of mf –> striations.
myofilaments (actin & myosin) arranged into sarcomeres - functional unit of myofibril
A band = all filaments, dark
I band = only actin (thin)
H zone = only myosin (thick)
Z discs = centre of I band, made up of actinin protein - link filaments of adj. sarcomeres
M line = middle of sarcomere - holds thick fil. together
Titin = links Z to M –> tension in i

63
Q

skeletal muscle structure (outside to in)

A

epimysium = surround whole muscle eg hamstring
perimysium = around fascicles (group of muscle cells. move as units)
endomysium = around muscle fibres (layer for cap./nerves)
sarcolemma = plasma mem
sarcoplasm = cytoplasm
actin myosin etc

64
Q

cardiac muscle

A 
striated
involuntary
branched
single central nucleus
fibres join end-end through intercalated discs (contain gap junctions - communication; desmosomes - adhesion during contraction)
65
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of hollow - intestines, bv walls (constrict)
no striations
involuntary
single central nuclei
short small spindle shaped, thickest in middle, bundles of actin & myosin.
actin attached to dense bodies (actinin - similar to Z)
intermediate fil. n-contractile, attached to dense bodies
contraction = tension –> IF (n-c) –> cell twists, contracts about stable “rods” –> changes diameter of hollow organs (contract = thick, bulging)

66
Q

nervous tissue (basic + function)

A

CNS = brain, spinal cord (inc. optic nerve)
PNS = all nervous tissue outside CNS
- sensory/afferent division = intro TO cns
- motor/efferent division = info FROM CNS to ORGANS (muscles, glands)
perception, behaviour, memory
voluntary + involuntary movements
1. sensory - detect internal/internal stimuli –> cns
2. integrative - analysis & storing of info
3. motor - stim. effectors through PNS

67
Q

neurons

A

cell body, short branched dendrites convey nerve impulses - input
axon = carries nerve impulse away from neuron –> other neuron/tissue
don’t divide
high metabolic rate (rapid death w/o O2)

68
Q

types of neurons

A 
MULTIPOLAR
2< dendrites
single axon
most common in CNS
motor neurons
some of longest
BIPOLAR
1 dendritic process (branch at tip but NOT cell body)
cell body between axon & dendrite
1 axon
special senses (sigh smell hearing) relay info from receptor to neuron
rare, small
UNIPOLAR
continuous dendrite & axon
cell body to side
very long like CNS motor nerves
most CNS sensory 
ANAXONIC
undistinguishable axon and dentrite
rare
brain and special sense organs
69
Q

neuroglia (nervous tissue)

A 
cns & pns
50% of cns - "glue"
smaller than neurons but more numerous
no AP but communicate still
divide in mature nervous sys.
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE of nt, REPAIR, PHAGOCYTOSIS, NUTRIENT supply for neurons, reg. INTERSTITIAL fluid in nt
70
Q

types of cns neuroglia

A

ASTROCYTES
star shaped, most numerous, largest. syncytium network
support (microfilaments), repair (scar)
communication via gliotransmitters
maintain enviro - reg. ions
maintain blood brain barrier via endothelium - wrap around vessels & influence permeability
OLIGODENDROCYTES
myelin sheath (protein lipid layers)
faster AP
can myelinate 1< cells axon
MICROGLIA
phagocytic, active neuroglia look more plump; inactive small
EPENDYMAL
prod. cerebrospinal fluid; located where CSF is (mechanic buffer; move n&w)
lines CSF filled ventricles in brain & central canal of spinal cord
simple cuboidal w/cilia & microvilli (sample CSF composition)

71
Q

types of PNS neuroglia

A 
SCHWANN CELLS
pns version of oligodendrocyte --> myelin sheath around axon OR support for non myelinated axons; multiple axons same time for support (single axon for myelination)
SATELLITE CELLS
pns version of astrocytes
surround neuron cell bodies.
SUPPORT, FLUID EXCHANGE

biosci 107 (5 decks)

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