Cells and Systems Flashcards
Define Cell
The basic unit of life
Define Dead
Something that was once living
Define Metabolism
All living processes that take place in a cell
Define Living
An organism that grows and develops
Define Stimulus
Anything that causes an organism to react
Define Non-Living
a substance that doesn’t grow, develop, or reproduce
Define Nutrients
Chemicals that organisms need in order to live
Define Response
A reaction to a stimulus
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things are made up of cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
2. Performs all processes that life depends on
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things need energy
- All processes require energy
2. Get energy from the environment
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things grow and develop
- Living things are always changing whether in size, shape, or stage of life
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things respond to the environment
- Changes in the environment cause living things to respond in some way
Write point form notes about the characteristic of living things reproducing
- Living things must reproduce in order for the species to survive
Write point form notes about the characteristic of living things having adaptations
- Have structures that enable then ti survive in their environment
How do whales swim?
Fluke (tail)
How to grasshoppers breathe?
Spiracles
How do green plants produce food?
Chloroplasts
How do chickens break down the food they eat?
Gizzards
How do Lions and chickens break down food to digest?
Lion -> teeth
Chicken -> gizzard
How do chickens and monkeys move from place to place?
Monkey -> arms/legs
Chicken -> feet
How do elephants and human beings pick up objects?
Elephant -> trunk
Human being -> fingers
What are the main structures and functions of the excretory system?
Structures: Kidneys Bladder Lungs Skin Liver
Functions:
Remove chemical and gaseous waste from the blood
What are the main structures and functions of the muscular system?
Structures:
Muscles
Tendons
Functions:
- Move bones
- Move organs that contain muscle tissue
What are the main structures and functions of the circulatory system?
Structures: Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood
Functions:
- Transports oxygen, foo, and other substances throughout the body
- Transport some wastes to other organs for elimination
- Defend the body against diseases
- Connect all other organ systems
What are the main structures and functions of the respiratory system?
Structures: Nose Mouth Trachea Diaphragm Bronchi Lungs
Functions:
- Transport oxygen from the outside to the blood
- Transport carbon dioxide from the blood to the outside
What are the main structures and functions of the skeletal system?
Structures:
Bones
Cartilage
Functions:
- Provide a moveable support frame for the body
- Protect soft-tissue organs as the heart and lungs
What are the main structures and functions of the Integumentary system?
Structures:
Skin
Functions:
- Protect the body’s internal environment from the external environment
- Senses pain, pressure, and tempature
What are the main structures and functions of the digestive system?
Structures: Salivary glands Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Gall Bladder Small Intestine Large Intestine
Functions:
Break down food pieces into much smaller pieces so they can be absorbed and throughout the body
What are the main structures and functions of the Nervous system?
Structures:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Sensory Organs (eyes ears etc.)
Functions:
- Coordinate and control the actions of all organs and organ systems
- Detect, process, and respond to the changes in the external and internal environment
How do objects viewed through a microscope appear?
Upside down and backward
With what lense do you use the course focus adjustments?
Low-powered
With what lense do you use the fine focus adjustments?
Medium and High-powered
When viewing a cell under a microscope, if you move the object to the left, on which direction does it appear to move?
To the right
Define Cell Membrane
A “controlled gateway” that lets needed materials in and waste materials out
Define Chloroplast
The “solar panels” of the cell. They are foud in the cells of the green parts of plants. They carry out photosynthesis
Define Nucleus
A “command centre” that directs all cellular activies
Define Cell Wall
The “frame” of the cell. It is found in plant, but not animal cells
Define Mitochondria
The “powerhouses” of the cell where chemical reactions occur that convert the energy the cell receives into a form it can use
Define Vacuoles
The “storage rooms” where nutrients, water, or other substances can be stored by the cells
Define Cytoplasm
the “kitchen” of the cell. It contains the nutrients required by the cell to maintain it’s life processes
Describe what happens during diffusion
Diffusion is when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permable membrane
What is selective permeability?
Selective permeability describes a membrane with very small openings that allow particles of some substances, but not others, to pass through
Describe epithelial tissue
Covers the surface of the body and internal organs and lines the inside of some organs
Describe photosynthetic tissue
A group of cells contaning chloroplasts; produces food for a plant
Describe transport tissue
transports food and water to differnet parts of the plant; includes xylem and phloem
Describe protective tissue
protect a plant and absorb water from soil
List two charactaristics of multicellular organisms
1) Made of at least two cells
2) Cells specilize
List two charactaristics of unicellular organisms
1) Made up of one cell
2) One cell performs all functions
List four charactaristics of both multicellular and unicellular organisms
1) Grow and reproduce
2) Respond to the environment
3) Need energy
4) Have adaptations
What is the function of the digestive system?
To break down food into parts small enough that cells can use it
What is the function of the salvary glands?
Produce salvia which contains an enzyme called amylase
What is the function of the small intestine?
Is 6m long; Enzymes breakdown strarches and proteins
What is the function of the mouth?
Entrance to the digestive system
What is the function of the large intestine?
About 1.5 m long; absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals
What is the function of the pancreas?
Send digestive enzymes into the small intestine
What is the function of the rectum?
Collects the feces
What is the function of the tongue?
Pushes chewed up food to the back of the throat
What is the function of the esophagus?
Pushes food to the stomach by a movement called peristalsis
What is the function of the teeth?
Mechanically digest food by grinding it and mixing it with saliva
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile which breaks up globules of lipids
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Flap of skin that moves across the windpipe to ensure food is funneled into the esophagus
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile and sends it to the small intestine
What is the function of the stomach?
Churns food and mixes it with gastric juices
What is the function of the villi microvilli?
Finger-like projections lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients
What is the function of the respiratory sysem?
Supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from blood
What is the name of the muscles that help you inhale and exhale?
Diaphragm
What is the function of the bronchi?
Tube-like passageways leading to the lungs
What is the function of the alveoli?
Diffuse oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove waste products
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood
What is the function of the arteries?
To transport blood from the heart to the body
What is the function of the veins?
To transport blood from the body back to the heart
What is the function of the capillaries?
To exchange gases and nutrients
What is the function of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
What is the function of the white blood cells?
To fight infection
What is the function of platelets?
To help stop bleeding
What is the function of plasma?
To transport nutrients to cells and carry wastes away
What is the function of the excretory system?
To remove wastes
What are four waste products produced by the body’s cells?
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Water
Salts
What is the function of the nephrons?
Small filtering units
What is the function of the urethra?
tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body
What is the function of the liver
converts ammonia to urea
What is the function of the skin?
removes excess salt from the blood
What is the function of the kidneys?
filter blood, straining out unwanted urea, water, and salts, produces urine
What is the function of the bladder?
stores urine
What is the function of the uretens?
long tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder
What does protein in urine mean?
Kidney failure
What does glucose in the urine mean?
Diabetes
What happens during dialysis?
Wastes removed from blood (process usually done by kidneys)
What is the function of the nervous system?
To respond to changes in pressure, heat, cold, light, sound, or body chemistry
What is the nervous system made out of?
The nervous system is made out of nervous tissue. This tissue is made entirely out of specialized cells called neurons. A neuron’s job is to send and receive messages
How does a neutron receive messages?
A neuron receives messages from small branches of a cell called dendrites. The incoming messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon. The axon is a long extension of the cell that ends in small branches. It carries impulses away from the cell body to its branches. These branches transmit the message to the dendrites of neighboring nerve cells
What are the components of the central nervous system?
brain, and spinal cord
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
cranial and spinal nerves
What is the function of the sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
To carry information from the body to the central nervous system
What is the function of the motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
To carry information from the central nervous system to the organs and muscles
What is the function of the somatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?
controls voluntary responses
What is the function of the automatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?
control involuntary responses
What are the three main sections of the brain?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Medulla
What is a reflex response?
An automatic response by the nervous system to external stimulus
Who was James Lind and why is he famous?
He successfully treated sailor with scurvy by feeding them oranges and lemons
Who was Edward Jenner and why is he famous?
He invented a vaccine for smallpox, which was the first vaccine in the world
Who was Joseph Lister and why is he famous?
He introduce the practice of cleanliness and sterilization to medical procedures
Who was Louis Pasteur and why is he famous?
He proved germs caused infections, he was the first to identify living micro-organisms as “germs” and found that heat kills germs
What is asthma and how can it be treated?
Asthma is a condition where the airways become narrowed temporarily
How does tar in cigarettes harmful to your health?
It makes the cilia clump together, preventing the movement of mucus
How does carbon monoxide in cigarettes harmful to your health?
It gets absorbed by the red blood cells instead on oxygen
How does nicotine in cigarettes harmful to your health?
It speeds up our heart; raises blood pressure; and is addictive
What are three respiratory diseases that can result from smoking?
- bronchitis
- emphysema
- lung cancer
What is atherosclerosis?
The clogging of your arteries with cholesterol
What are ulcers and how can they be treated?
Ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach and they can be treated with antibiotics
