Cells and Systems Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
Define Cell
A
The basic unit of life
2
Q
Define Dead
A
Something that was once living
3
Q
Define Metabolism
A
All living processes that take place in a cell
4
Q
Define Living
A
An organism that grows and develops
5
Q
Define Stimulus
A
Anything that causes an organism to react
6
Q
Define Non-Living
A
a substance that doesn’t grow, develop, or reproduce
7
Q
Define Nutrients
A
Chemicals that organisms need in order to live
8
Q
Define Response
A
A reaction to a stimulus
9
Q
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things are made up of cells
A
- The cell is the basic unit of life
2. Performs all processes that life depends on
10
Q
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things need energy
A
- All processes require energy
2. Get energy from the environment
11
Q
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things grow and develop
A
- Living things are always changing whether in size, shape, or stage of life
12
Q
Write point form notes about the characteristic of all living things respond to the environment
A
- Changes in the environment cause living things to respond in some way
13
Q
Write point form notes about the characteristic of living things reproducing
A
- Living things must reproduce in order for the species to survive
14
Q
Write point form notes about the characteristic of living things having adaptations
A
- Have structures that enable then ti survive in their environment
15
Q
How do whales swim?
A
Fluke (tail)
16
Q
How to grasshoppers breathe?
A
Spiracles
17
Q
How do green plants produce food?
A
Chloroplasts
18
Q
How do chickens break down the food they eat?
A
Gizzards
19
Q
How do Lions and chickens break down food to digest?
A
Lion -> teeth
Chicken -> gizzard
20
Q
How do chickens and monkeys move from place to place?
A
Monkey -> arms/legs
Chicken -> feet
21
Q
How do elephants and human beings pick up objects?
A
Elephant -> trunk
Human being -> fingers
22
Q
What are the main structures and functions of the excretory system?
A
Structures: Kidneys Bladder Lungs Skin Liver
Functions:
Remove chemical and gaseous waste from the blood
23
Q
What are the main structures and functions of the muscular system?
A
Structures:
Muscles
Tendons
Functions:
- Move bones
- Move organs that contain muscle tissue
24
Q
What are the main structures and functions of the circulatory system?
A
Structures: Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood
Functions:
- Transports oxygen, foo, and other substances throughout the body
- Transport some wastes to other organs for elimination
- Defend the body against diseases
- Connect all other organ systems
25
What are the main structures and functions of the respiratory system?
```
Structures:
Nose
Mouth
Trachea
Diaphragm
Bronchi
Lungs
```
Functions:
1. Transport oxygen from the outside to the blood
2. Transport carbon dioxide from the blood to the outside
26
What are the main structures and functions of the skeletal system?
Structures:
Bones
Cartilage
Functions:
1. Provide a moveable support frame for the body
2. Protect soft-tissue organs as the heart and lungs
27
What are the main structures and functions of the Integumentary system?
Structures:
Skin
Functions:
1. Protect the body's internal environment from the external environment
2. Senses pain, pressure, and tempature
28
What are the main structures and functions of the digestive system?
```
Structures:
Salivary glands
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
```
Functions:
Break down food pieces into much smaller pieces so they can be absorbed and throughout the body
29
What are the main structures and functions of the Nervous system?
Structures:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Sensory Organs (eyes ears etc.)
Functions:
1. Coordinate and control the actions of all organs and organ systems
2. Detect, process, and respond to the changes in the external and internal environment
30
How do objects viewed through a microscope appear?
Upside down and backward
31
With what lense do you use the course focus adjustments?
Low-powered
32
With what lense do you use the fine focus adjustments?
Medium and High-powered
33
When viewing a cell under a microscope, if you move the object to the left, on which direction does it appear to move?
To the right
34
Define Cell Membrane
A "controlled gateway" that lets needed materials in and waste materials out
35
Define Chloroplast
The "solar panels" of the cell. They are foud in the cells of the green parts of plants. They carry out photosynthesis
36
Define Nucleus
A "command centre" that directs all cellular activies
37
Define Cell Wall
The "frame" of the cell. It is found in plant, but not animal cells
38
Define Mitochondria
The "powerhouses" of the cell where chemical reactions occur that convert the energy the cell receives into a form it can use
39
Define Vacuoles
The "storage rooms" where nutrients, water, or other substances can be stored by the cells
40
Define Cytoplasm
the "kitchen" of the cell. It contains the nutrients required by the cell to maintain it's life processes
41
Describe what happens during diffusion
Diffusion is when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
42
Define Osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permable membrane
43
What is selective permeability?
Selective permeability describes a membrane with very small openings that allow particles of some substances, but not others, to pass through
44
Describe epithelial tissue
Covers the surface of the body and internal organs and lines the inside of some organs
45
Describe photosynthetic tissue
A group of cells contaning chloroplasts; produces food for a plant
46
Describe transport tissue
transports food and water to differnet parts of the plant; includes xylem and phloem
47
Describe protective tissue
protect a plant and absorb water from soil
48
List two charactaristics of multicellular organisms
1) Made of at least two cells
| 2) Cells specilize
49
List two charactaristics of unicellular organisms
1) Made up of one cell
| 2) One cell performs all functions
50
List four charactaristics of both multicellular and unicellular organisms
1) Grow and reproduce
2) Respond to the environment
3) Need energy
4) Have adaptations
51
What is the function of the digestive system?
To break down food into parts small enough that cells can use it
52
What is the function of the salvary glands?
Produce salvia which contains an enzyme called amylase
53
What is the function of the small intestine?
Is 6m long; Enzymes breakdown strarches and proteins
54
What is the function of the mouth?
Entrance to the digestive system
55
What is the function of the large intestine?
About 1.5 m long; absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals
56
What is the function of the pancreas?
Send digestive enzymes into the small intestine
57
What is the function of the rectum?
Collects the feces
58
What is the function of the tongue?
Pushes chewed up food to the back of the throat
59
What is the function of the esophagus?
Pushes food to the stomach by a movement called peristalsis
60
What is the function of the teeth?
Mechanically digest food by grinding it and mixing it with saliva
61
What is the function of the liver?
Produces bile which breaks up globules of lipids
62
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Flap of skin that moves across the windpipe to ensure food is funneled into the esophagus
63
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Stores bile and sends it to the small intestine
64
What is the function of the stomach?
Churns food and mixes it with gastric juices
65
What is the function of the villi microvilli?
Finger-like projections lining the small intestine that absorb nutrients
66
What is the function of the respiratory sysem?
Supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from blood
67
What is the name of the muscles that help you inhale and exhale?
Diaphragm
68
What is the function of the bronchi?
Tube-like passageways leading to the lungs
69
What is the function of the alveoli?
Diffuse oxygen from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs.
70
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To deliver nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove waste products
71
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood
72
What is the function of the arteries?
To transport blood from the heart to the body
73
What is the function of the veins?
To transport blood from the body back to the heart
74
What is the function of the capillaries?
To exchange gases and nutrients
75
What is the function of the red blood cells?
To carry oxygen
76
What is the function of the white blood cells?
To fight infection
77
What is the function of platelets?
To help stop bleeding
78
What is the function of plasma?
To transport nutrients to cells and carry wastes away
79
What is the function of the excretory system?
To remove wastes
80
What are four waste products produced by the body's cells?
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Water
Salts
81
What is the function of the nephrons?
Small filtering units
82
What is the function of the urethra?
tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body
83
What is the function of the liver
converts ammonia to urea
84
What is the function of the skin?
removes excess salt from the blood
85
What is the function of the kidneys?
filter blood, straining out unwanted urea, water, and salts, produces urine
86
What is the function of the bladder?
stores urine
87
What is the function of the uretens?
long tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder
88
What does protein in urine mean?
Kidney failure
89
What does glucose in the urine mean?
Diabetes
90
What happens during dialysis?
Wastes removed from blood (process usually done by kidneys)
91
What is the function of the nervous system?
To respond to changes in pressure, heat, cold, light, sound, or body chemistry
92
What is the nervous system made out of?
The nervous system is made out of nervous tissue. This tissue is made entirely out of specialized cells called neurons. A neuron's job is to send and receive messages
93
How does a neutron receive messages?
A neuron receives messages from small branches of a cell called dendrites. The incoming messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon. The axon is a long extension of the cell that ends in small branches. It carries impulses away from the cell body to its branches. These branches transmit the message to the dendrites of neighboring nerve cells
94
What are the components of the central nervous system?
brain, and spinal cord
95
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
cranial and spinal nerves
96
What is the function of the sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
To carry information from the body to the central nervous system
97
What is the function of the motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system?
To carry information from the central nervous system to the organs and muscles
98
What is the function of the somatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?
controls voluntary responses
99
What is the function of the automatic nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?
control involuntary responses
100
What are the three main sections of the brain?
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Medulla
101
What is a reflex response?
An automatic response by the nervous system to external stimulus
102
Who was James Lind and why is he famous?
He successfully treated sailor with scurvy by feeding them oranges and lemons
103
Who was Edward Jenner and why is he famous?
He invented a vaccine for smallpox, which was the first vaccine in the world
104
Who was Joseph Lister and why is he famous?
He introduce the practice of cleanliness and sterilization to medical procedures
105
Who was Louis Pasteur and why is he famous?
He proved germs caused infections, he was the first to identify living micro-organisms as "germs" and found that heat kills germs
106
What is asthma and how can it be treated?
Asthma is a condition where the airways become narrowed temporarily
107
How does tar in cigarettes harmful to your health?
It makes the cilia clump together, preventing the movement of mucus
108
How does carbon monoxide in cigarettes harmful to your health?
It gets absorbed by the red blood cells instead on oxygen
109
How does nicotine in cigarettes harmful to your health?
It speeds up our heart; raises blood pressure; and is addictive
110
What are three respiratory diseases that can result from smoking?
1. bronchitis
2. emphysema
3. lung cancer
111
What is atherosclerosis?
The clogging of your arteries with cholesterol
112
What are ulcers and how can they be treated?
Ulcers are sores in the lining of the stomach and they can be treated with antibiotics
