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Old science to be edited > Cells and Systems > Flashcards

Cells and Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Mrs C Gren stand for?

A

M - movement
R - respiration
S - sensitivity

C - cells

G - growth
R - reproduction
E - excretion
N - nutrition/nutrients

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic structural and functional unit of any living thing

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3
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A structure within a living cell that performs a specific function.

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4
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Plants have cells walls surrounding the cell membrane, helping to keep the cell’s shape. They protect the cell and allow the plant to grow tall. THE CELL WALL IS FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

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5
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains all the genetic information (DNA) required to carry out all the cellular functions. BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS

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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid that helps the cell keep it’s shape and is also where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place. BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE A CYTOPLASM.

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7
Q

What does the cell membrane/plasma membrane do?

A

The cell membrane protects the cell and controls what nutrients and wastes move into or out of the cell. BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE.

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8
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondrion produce energy from glucose (food) that is consumed by the organism. BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE MITOCHONDRIA.

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9
Q

What does the vacuole do?

A

In animal cells, vacuole are bubbles in the cell that store fluid, waste and nutrients.

Plant cells have one large, permanent vacuole that stores fluid, waste and nutrients.

BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS HAVE VACUOLES/A VACUOLE.

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10
Q

What do chloroplast do?

A

Chloroplast is an organelle that has a green pigment called “chlorophyll” where photosynthesis (food making) takes place. ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

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11
Q

What is tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function.

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12
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a group of tissues forming a structure that carries out a specific function in the organism.

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13
Q

What is an organ system?

A

An organ system is all of the organs responsible for a function.

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14
Q

List all organelles in animal cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
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15
Q

List all organelles in plant cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole (only one, it’s large and permanent)
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
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16
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Cellular respiration is the process where an cells obtain energy through glucose and oxygen by producing carbon dioxide, water and energy.

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17
Q

Give the respiration equation for humans

A

Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

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18
Q

List organelles in both plant and animal cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • vacuole (minor differences)
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19
Q

When is an organism living?

A

The organism has all of the 8 life processes

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20
Q

When is something non-living?

A

When it doesn’t have all of the 8 life processes.

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21
Q

When is something dead?

A

When it once carried out all 8 life processes (living) but no longer does.

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22
Q

Name similarities between plants an animals about the life process RESPIRATION

A
  • both undergo cellular respiration in the mitochondria
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23
Q

Name similarities between plants an animals about the life process REPRODUCTION

A
  • both sexually reproduce (though plants can asexually reproduce as well)
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24
Q

Name similarities between plants an animals about the life process NUTRITION

A

-both require water to survive

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25
Q

Name all the parts of a microscope and their functions

A
  • eye piece lens: directs light into the eye
  • tube: channels light into the transmitted eyepiece
  • coarse adjustment: quickly focuses at lower magnification
  • fine adjustment: for careful focusing at high magnification
  • objective lens: magnifies the image of the sample
  • stage: holds the sample in place
  • light source: illuminates the sample
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26
Q

List organelles in both plants and animal cells

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Vacuole
27
Q

Explain how to prepare a sample

A
  • take a clean slide and cover slip
  • take the specimen for viewing and place in the center of slide
  • add two drops of water or stain onto the specimen
  • place a cover-slip beside the wet specimen and lower the cover slip over the specimen, using a pencil helps to stop air bubbles forming in the liquid
  • wipe off any extra liquid
28
Q

How have cells adapted to carry out specialized functions?

A

NERVE CELLS have long connections on each end, and carry electrical signals.

RED BLOOD CELLS have a large surface area for oxygen to pass through, and contains haemoglobin which joins with oxygen. Its shape allows it to flow smoothly through narrow blood vessels.

LEAVE CELLS have a large surface area and many chloroplasts, to help with photosynthesis.

PLANT ROOT HAIR CELLS have a large surface area to absorb water and minerals.

29
Q

Describe how cells build up to complex organisms

A

A group of similar cells work together to carry out a function and form a tissue. An group of tissues form a structure that carries out a specific function in the organism, and form an organ. All of the organs responsible for that function form an organ system.

EG: BONE CELLS — BONE TISSUE —- BONE (ORGAN) —– SKELETAL SYSTEM

30
Q

Describe 3 differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells have chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place. Plant cells also have a cell wall helping to keep the cell’s shape. They protect the cell and allow the plant to grow tall. The last difference is with the vacuoles. In both animal and plant cells, vacuole are bubbles in the cell that store fluid, waste and nutrients. But the difference is that plant cells have one large, permanent vacuole.

31
Q

What is the purpose of digestion

A

Digestion is the process of breaking food down into smaller pieces, so that nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

32
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

The teeth in the mouth cut and grind up the food through the chewing process. The salivary glands secrete saliva that breaks down food at a chemical level. Saliva has an enzyme called “amalyse” that breaks starch into glucose/

33
Q

What does the esophagus do?

A

the esophagus is a long muscular tube that carries the bolus from the mouth to the stomach.

The muscles in the esophagus contact, forcing the bolus down. This is called peristalsis.

34
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

The stomach is a hollow muscular organ responsible for further breaking down food. The muscles in the stomach contact, causing the food to break down. The stomach contains HCL to create an acidic environment. The stomach secretes an enzyme called pepsin which breaks down proteins. The food is now a thick liquid called chyme.

35
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

The main function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food. Bile that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder is released into the small intestine - it is responsible for breaking down fat. Pancreatic enzymes are also released to carry out more chemical digestion.

36
Q

What does the liver do?

A

The liver produces bile, an alkaline fluid. Bile that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder is released into the small intestine - it is responsible for breaking down fat.

37
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

The large intestine is a large muscular tube. Its main role is to absorb the excess water from undigested food.

38
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

The rectum is a chamber that connects the large intestine and the anus. Its role is to store stools until the individual is ready to defecate.

39
Q

What does the anus do?

A

The anus is the opening where stools come out.

40
Q

Why does the heart have a double circulatory system?

A

A double circulatory system means that we have two loops in which blood circulates.

Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs, gets oxygenated and returned to the heart

The oxygenated blood is pumped to the body and pushed back to the heart again.

Double circulatory systems are important because they ensure that we are giving our tissues and muscles blood full of oxygen.
This type of system has advantages, including higher blood pressure and so a greater flow of blood to the tissues.

41
Q

What are alveoli and what do they do?

A

Attached to bronchioles are tiny air sacks called alveoli. Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place in the alveoli.

42
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

The trachea branches into two main sections, each called a bronchus. Those branch into bronchi, and those branch into bronchioles.

43
Q

Explain how gas exchange occurs in the alveoli

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and passes through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. The air in the alveolus has a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood entering the capillary network. Oxygen diffuses from air into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveolus. The blood which leaves the capillaries and flows back to heart has gained oxygen.

One way alveoli makes gas exchange as efficient as possible is that they give the lungs a really big surface area, as well as the fact that alveoli have moist, thin walls.

By giving the lungs are large surface area, more blood can become oxygenated. This helps the respiratory system to function better because it enables blood to return to the heart and provide our organs with oxygen as quickly as possible.

Because alveoli have thin, moist walls that are one cell thick, oxygen can pass from the alveoli to the blood. As well as this, carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood can be diffused into the alveoli. This helps the respiratory system function better because oxygen can be obtained and carbon dioxide be removed from the bloodstream rapidly and effectively.

44
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Nutrition, is the supply of materials - food - required by organisms and cells to stay alive. Nutrition provides the organisms with energy required to carry out essential life processes.

45
Q

Pepsin

A

an enzyme released by the stomach that breaks down proteins

46
Q

Amalyse

A

an enzyme in saliva responsible for breaking down starch into glucose

47
Q

Peristalsis

A

the process of the muscles in the esophagus contracting, forcing the bolus down

48
Q

List the 4 components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

49
Q

Red Blood cells

A

red blood cells carry oxygen to all the cells in the body. NO nucleus

50
Q

White blood cells

A

white blood cells protect the body from infection by targeting and destroying the microbes that enter the body

51
Q

Platelets

A

platelets cause clots in the blood when blood vessels are damaged and need repair

52
Q

Plasma

A

plasma carries proteins, sugars, salts, hormones and CO2

53
Q

Functions of blood

A

Blood transports gases, nutrients, waste, cells and hormones, O2, CO2, and heat throughout the body. Protects against disease through white blood cells and antibodies.

54
Q

Describe how blood flows through the heart

A

The vena cava is a vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart. The blood is drained into the right ventricle of the heart where it can be pumped out of the heart, through the pulmonary artery which leads to the lungs so the blood can become oxygenated. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood into the left atrium of the heart, which is then drained into the left ventricle of the heart where it can be pumped out of the aorta so the blood can be distributed to the rest of the body.

55
Q

How does the respiratory system work?

A

You inhale air into your nose or mouth, and it travels down the back of your throat and into your trachea. Your trachea then divides into air passages called bronchial tubes. As the bronchial tubes pass through the lungs, they divide into smaller air passages called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in air sacs called alveoli.The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. Here, oxygen from the inhaled air passes through the alveoli walls and into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.

56
Q

List the main components of the diet

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • fats
57
Q

Capillaries

A

Capillaries enable the moving of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste between blood and surrounding tissues.

58
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physically breaking food down into smaller parts.

59
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Breaking down food using chemical reactions.

60
Q

What is the purpose of the cardio vascular system

A

To transport nutrients, and gases in oxygenated blood around the body.

61
Q

What is the purpose of the respiratory system

A

The function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen to all the parts of your body.

62
Q

How do the 3 systems work together

A

The digestive system breaks down large molecules into simple molecules such as glucose. These are then transported to cells of the body via the circulatory system.

The respiratory system causes the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and the diffusion of CO2 out of the blood. This oxygen is then transported to cells of the body via the circulatory system.

When the cells have both oxygen and glucose they can respire to release energy, producing water and carbon dioxide.

63
Q

Respiration

A

respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food substances, such as glucose - a sugar.

64
Q

Why does food need to be digested?

A

Because large molecules - starch, proteins and fats are too big to pass through the lining of the intestine. The products need to pass from the intestine through to the blood so they can be circulated around the body.

Old science to be edited (4 decks)

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