Cells and Systems Flashcards
1
Q
What are microscopes used for?
A
To see the invisible world of micro-organisms.
2
Q
Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
A
He studied blood, pond water, and substances from his teeth, built microscopes magnified to 300x, 1632-1723, first to observe red blood cells, first to see single-celled organisms he called “animalcules”, Dutch
3
Q
Who is Robert Hooke?
A
Built microscopes around the same time as Leeuwenhoek, 1635-1703, English, called tiny boxes in cork cellulae, now cells.
4
Q
What did Matthias Scheleiden and Theodore Schwann do?
A
They said all living things are made of cells and with Rudolf Virchow formed the cell theory.
5
Q
What is the cell theory?
A
All living things are composed of cells and cells are the basic unit of structure and functions in all organisms. Also all cells come from pre-existing cells.
6
Q
What does each cell have?
A
Certain structures that help the cell work.
7
Q
What does multicellular mean?
A
Many celled organisms
8
Q
What does unicellular mean?
A
Single-celled organisms
9
Q
What is the difference between plant cells and animal cells?
A
Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplast, and are rectangular and the animal cell does not have any of that. The vacuole is also much larger in a plant cell.
10
Q
Does movement mean something is alive?
A
No, fire moves but it is not alive.
11
Q
What are the characteristics of living organisms?
A
Energy, Environment, Reproduction, Growth, and Waste
12
Q
Where do animals get their energy?
A
Food, other animals or plants. They have digestive systems to digest their food.
13
Q
Where do plants get their energy?
A
Through photosynthesis. They have chloroplast for this.
14
Q
Why do different animals and plants need different environments?
A
Because some plants need more sun than others, and plants are all around the world. Some animals feed at night and some live in the water or trees.
15
Q
Why do living organisms reproduce?
A
So life can continue.
16
Q
How do plants reproduce?
A
Through spreading seeds.
17
Q
How do animals reproduce?
A
Through eggs, and live-birth
18
Q
How do plants and animals grow?
A
From small to big
19
Q
How do humans get rid of waste?
A
Through breathing, pooping, and urine.
20
Q
How do plants get rid of waste?
A
Through diffusion.
21
Q
What are cells?
A
Tiny living structures that all things are made of
22
Q
What are groups of the same cells?
A
Tissue.
23
Q
What is tissue?
A
Groups of the same type of cells that work together to do a job.
24
Q
What are groups of the same tissue?
A
Organ.
25
What are organs?
Groups of the same type of tissue that work together to do a job.
26
What are groups of the same organs?
Organ systems
27
Why might biologists think that the cell is the most important characteristic of all living things?
Because they are the basic unit of every system and because cells make up every living organism. Cells also make up tissue, organs, and organ systems,
28
Name characteristics of living things, a dog wags its tail when you say it's time for a walk?
Environment and Energy
29
Name characteristics of living things, a robin eats a worm?
Energy
30
Name characteristics of living things, a plant releases oxygen during photosynthesis?
Waste
31
Name characteristics of living things, you sweat after gym class?
Waste
32
How are you and a dandelion similar, how do you differ?
We are similar because we are both made of cells and we both grow, reproduce, adapt to our environment, need energy, and produce waste. We differ because we are made of different cells, and because ourorgans are different.
33
Fire moves, grows, and produces waste. But is it living?
No. Fire is not a living organism because it is not made up of cells, Every living organism has to be made up of cells, but fire is not made of cells, therefore, it is not living.
34
What does the cell wall do?
Provides structural support for the plant cell.
35
What does the cell membrane do?
Its job is to be selectively permeable which means that it regulates what comes in and out of the cell.
36
What does the nucleus do?
Controls all the activity in the cell. Holds DNA
37
What does the cytoplasm do?
Hold all the organelles in the cell.
38
What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
It moves items to different parts of the cell.
39
What do the ribosomes do?
Build protein in the cell.
40
What do vacuoles do?
Holds nutrients in the cell
41
What do lysosomes do?
Holds enzymes to break down the nutrients in the cell to be digested.
42
What does the mitochondria do?
Provides energy for the cell.
43
What does chloroplast do?
Provides the green colour for plants, and provides energy for the cell.
44
What does selectively permeable mean?
A membrane that only allows some materials to come in and out of the cell.
45
What does permeable mean?
A membrane that lets all materials in and out of the cell.
46
What does impermeable mean?
A membrane that does not let any materials in the cell.
47
What is diffusion?
The spreading out process.
48
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
49
Where does water move in osmosis?
Water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
50
What is phloem tissue?
Tissue that transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plant.
51
What is Xylem tissue?
Tissue that conducts water and minerals absorbed by the root cells to every cell in the plant.
52
What is vascular tissue?
Tissue that connects the roots to the leaves.
53
What are root hairs?
Extensions of single epidermal cells..
54
What are epidermal cells?
They form epidermal tissue, which protects the outside of the plant.
55
What are singular stomas?
Tiny openings on the underside of the leaf.
56
What is transpiration?
The loss of water from a plant through evaporation.
57
What connects every plant cell from the roots to the leaves?
Fine columns of water
58
What happens when water is drawn into the root hairs through osmosis?
It pushes slender water columns up the plant.
59
How is water drawn into the root hairs?
Osmosis
60
How is water lost from leaves?
Transpiration
61
What happens when water is lost from the leaves through transpiration?
It pulls water up the xylem tissues from the roots.
62
What do multicellular organisms have?
Different types of cells
63
How are multicellular organisms' cells organized?
In ways that help them complete their jobs
64
Where do multicellular organisms come from?
They grow from singular cells that repeatedly divide, but the cells are not the same
65
What do different cells have?
Different jobs and appearances.
66
What is a specialized cell?
A cell with unique structures for particular tasks. Ex. Skin cells protect you from the sun while muscle cells move body parts
67
What are things that make it hard for unicellular organisms to live?
They can only live in certain environments and they cannot grow very large.
68
What are things that make it easy for multicellular organisms to live?
They can live in many different environments, they can grow large, they can get their energy from many different foods, each cell can work more effectively, and their bodies are more complex.
69
What is each organ made of?
Several different tissues working together.
70
Do plants have organs?
Yes, roots, stem, leaves
71
Do animals have organs?
Yes, lungs, heart, kidneys
72
What do organs form?
Systems.
73
What are the 2 main systems in a plant?
Root system and shoot system
74
What is the job of the root system?
To obtain water and minerals from the soil and anchor the plant in the ground.
75
What is the job of the shoot system?
To make food for the plant.
76
What plants have a reproductive system?
Flowering plants
77
What is the job of the plant reproductive system?
To make flowers, fruits, and seeds
78
What is in the digestive system?
Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and anus
79
What is in the respiratory system?
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveolus, and lungs
80
What is in the circulatory system?
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
81
How are the respiratory and circulatory systems connected?
They work together, they come very close in the lung tissue, they both involve a series of tubes, diffusion causes oxygen to pass from the alveoli to capillaries, and oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through alveoli and capillaries.
82
How are the digestive and circulatory systems connected?
The bloodstream carries food particles, and the transfer of food to blood happens in the small intestine where there are villi made of capillaries, and dissolved food particles pass from the intestine to the capillaries through absorption.
83
What is in the nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves
84
What is the job of the endocrine system?
To control the glands that produce hormones.
85
What is the job of the digestive system?
To break down food, absorb food particles and eliminate waste
86
What is the job of the respiratory system?
To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
87
What is the job of the circulatory system?
To circulate blood, transport blood particles, dissolved gases, and other materials.
88
What is the job of the nervous system?
To control and co-ordinate body activities and sense internal and external changes so the body can respond.
89
What is the job of the excretory system?
To remove liquid and gas waste from the body.
90
What is an organ system?
Groups of different organs that work together to do a job.
91
What does a single cellular organism have to do?
Complete every job
92
Is a single cellular organism one or multiple cells?
1
93
What is a disadvantage of being a single cellular organism?
They are limited to taking food in through their membrane
94
Why do muscle cells have lots of mitocondrias?
Because they need lots of energy, ATP
95
Why are neurons so long?
Because they need to signal connections
96
Why are bone cells very compact?
So they can be strong
97
Why are red blood cells disk-shaped?
So they can collect oxygen
98
What is the job of stem cells?
To become any type of cell in the human body.
99
How many specialized cells are in the human body?
Over 200
100
What are the main types of tissues in animals?
Muscle tissue, Epithelial tissue, Connective Tissue, and Nerve Tissue.
101
What are the main types of tissues in plants?
Phloem tissue, xylem tissue, and Edimermal tissue.
102
What are some systems in plants?
Root system, shoot system, and reproductive when plants are flowering.
103
What are some systems in humans?
Digestive, Circulatory, and Respiratory. There are 11 systems in the human body.
104
What do veins do?
Bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Depicted as a blue colour.
105
What do arteries do?
Take oxygenated blood throughout the body.
106
What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels that surround alveoli in the lungs.
107
What is skin tissue called?
Epithelial Tissue
108
What is the heart?
A muscle.
109
What happens to your pulse when you exercise?
Your pulse increases.
110
How is food broken down in the mouth?
Saliva has enzymes which break down the food in the mouth.
111
How is food broken down?
Into usable, soluble particles that each cell can use.
112
What happens to unused food?
It is expelled as waste.
113
What systems does the digestive system interact with?
Muscular, Skeletal, and Circulatory
114
What is food turned into?
Fat, protein, and eventually energy
115
What is a bolus?
The mass of chewed food before swallowing.
116
What is the peristalsis?
The muscle contractions that move eaten food through the digestive system.
117
Is the peristalsis a smooth or striated muscle?
Smooth
118
What systems does the respiratory system interact with?
Circulatory and Muscular
119
What kind of system is the Circulatory?
A pump system, pump, pipes, and fluid
120
What is the atrium?
The upper cavity of the heart, where blood is passed to the ventricle.
121
What does the right atrium do?
Receives deoxygenated blood.
122
What does the left atrium do?
Receives oxygenated blood.
123
What is the ventricle?
Chambers of the heart that recieves blood from the atrium and moves it to the arteries.
124
What is a vein?
A blood vessel that moves deoxygenated blood to the heart.
125
What are arteries?
A blood vessel that moves oxygenated blood throughout the body.
126
What is the order of the heart?
Veins, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Lungs, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Arteries, Body
127
Where does the interaction of the circulatory and respiratory systems happen?
In the tissue of the lungs.
128
What are the key organs in the excretory system?
Lungs, kidneys, liver, and skin
129
What do lungs do in the excretory system?
To expel CO2
130
What does the skin do in the excretory system?
Sweat to eliminate excess water, salts, and urea
131
What is urea?
A protein metabolism waste
132
What does the liver do in the excretory system?
Breaks down substances
133
What do the kidneys do in the excretory system?
Get rid of excess water and waste from the bloodstream
134
What is the main organ in the excretory system?
The kidneys
135
What lines the kidneys?
Blood vessels
136
What do kidneys turn waste into?
Urine
137
What can kidneys do?
Activate vitamin d and increase the production of blood cells
138
What is the function of the muscular system?
To contract or relax to cause movement that is voluntarily and involuntarily
139
What is the function of the skeletal system?
To provide structure for bodies. It gives body shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, and provides protection for organs.
140
How are villi shaped?
Like fingers
141
Why are villi shaped the way they are?
They are shaped like fingers so there is more surface area to absorb food particles.
142
What is the function of the digestive system?
Network of organs that work together to absorb nutrients, eliminate solid waste, and create energy.
143
What is the pharynx?
Deliver food to the stomach, not the lungs.
144
What is the esophagus?
Tube that brings food down to the stomach.
145
What does the mouth have?
Salivary glands that create saliva to moisten food, and let it slide down the esophagus.
146
What is the liver?
The largest solid organ. Filters blood, reduces blood clotting and resists blood pressure.
147
What is the largest solid organ?
Liver
148
What is the stomach?
Holds food and mixes it with acids that break down the food and turn it into a paste.
149
What is the gallbladder?
Holds bile, thick liquid that is produced by the liver. This helps you digest fat.
150
151
What is the large intestine?
Absorbs salt and water not being digested.
152
What is the small intestine?
Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
153
What is the appendix?
Stores healthy gut bacteria.
154
What is the rectum?
8 inch chamber connecting colon to anus
155
What tissues are in the digestive system?
Mucosa, Submacose, Serosa, and Muscular tissue
156
157
158
What is serosa tissue made of?
Epithelial cells
159
What is muscular tissue made of?
Muscle cells and myocytes
160
What is dyspepsia?
Repeating stomach aches
161
What is chronic liver disease?
Deterioration of the liver and its functions over 1 year or more
162
How does the digestive system react to stimuli?
The smell and taste of food prepares the body and stomach for food.
163
How do the digestive and muscular systems work together?
The digestive systems give the muscles food particles which the cells need to survive. Tounge, a main part of both systems.
164
About how many times do people breathe a day?
2000
165
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Move air into the body and remove gas
166
What are sinuses?
They filter air before it enters the body, prevents illness
167
What is the larynx?
Stops food from entering the lungs.
168
What is the pharynx?
Guides air to the larynx.
169
What is the trachea?
Allows air to enter and exit the lungs.
170
What are lungs?
PInkish organs that allow us to breath
171
What is the bronchial?
Distributes air through the lungs until it reaches the alveoli.
172
What are the bronchial tubes?
Let air in and out of the lungs.
173
What are the alveoli?
Air sacks that exchange oxygen and CO2
174
What is the diaphragm?
Dome-shaped muscle. Contracts and releases to move air into the lungs.
175
How does the respiratory system react to stimuli?
CO2 is the major stimulus. This system adjusts the breathing rate if the CO2 increases or decreases.
176
What are some diseases in the respiratory system?
Asthma
177
How do the respiratory and muscular systems interact?
Diaphragm muscle in both systems.
178
What is the function of the nervous system?
Send signals to your organs and muscles to breathe, pump blood, and contract and release.
179
How does the nervous system react to stimuli?
Sends signals to your muscles to contract and release when the environment around you changes.
180
What is in the Cervical?
Neck muscles, shoulders, and wrists
181
What is in the Thoracic?
Hands, trunk, and abdominals
182
What is in the Lumbar?
Hips, feet, hamstrings, and quads
183
What is in the Sacral?
Bladder
184
What is the brain?
The centre of the nervous system and controls organs
185
What is the spinal cord?
Connection between the brain and nerves
186
What are nerves?
Cords that send electrical signals to your brain.
187
What is the cerebellum?
Makes instructions and muscle contractions
188
What is the cerebral?
Receives messages and processes information
189
What is the medulla?
Bottom of the brain stem, regulates blood pressure, reflexes
190
What are neurons?
Cells that send electrical signals to the brain.
191
What are glial cells?
Maintenance keepers of neurons by providing physical and chemical support.
192
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Give the body shape, help you move, protect vital organs, create new blood cells, and sort minerals
193
194
What is spinal scoliosis?
Unknown cause, spine is curved, no cure.
195
How does the skeletal system react to stimuli?
Shivering causes skeletal muscle contractions to warm up. If bodies are really hot bones become tired.
196
How do the skeletal and nervous systems interact?
The skeletal system protects the nervous system
197
What does bone marrow do?
Produces blood cells
198
What is the skull?
Protects the brain. Made of 22 bones
199
What is the spine?
Gives the body structure and support, and protects the spinal cord. Made of 33 bones
200
What is the rib cage?
Protects organs, lungs and heart. Made of 24 bones
201
What is the sternum?
Protects the lungs and heart
202
What are in the arms?
Ulna, radius, humerus
203
What are in the legs?
Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia
204
What does the pelvis connect?
Connects the upper and lower body.
205
What is in the pelvis?
Hip bone, sacrum, coccyx
206
How many bones do the hands have?
27
207
How many bones do the feet have?
26
208
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To provide oxygenated blood to the body and to remove waste products (CO2)
209
What is the heart?
Organ that pumps blood through the body.
210
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that bring oxygenated blood through the body
211
What are veins?
Blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
212
What are capillaries?
Small blood vessels that exchange nutrients and gases.
213
What is blood?
A fluid that carries nutrients and oxygen to cells.
214
What are the tissues in the heart?
Epicardium (outside), Mayocardium (middle), and Endocardium (inner)
215
How do the respiratory and circulatory systems interact?
Interact in the alveoli, and exchange CO2 and oxygen. Oxygen enters the bloodstream through diffusion.
216
How do the skeletal and circulatory systems interact?
The skeletal system creates blood cells for the circulatory system.
217
How does the circulatory system react to stimuli?
Blood pressure and heart rate increase and decrease depending on the temperature
218
What is a STEMI heart attack?
Heart disease affecting the left chambers
219
What could a Mitral Valve Prolapse cause?
Could cause blood to leak backwards into the left atrium.
220
What is the function of the muscular system?
The complex network of tissues that aid movement, stability, and posture.
221
How many muscles are in the body?
600
222
What is the bicep?
Upper arm muscle. Moves shoulder to elbow
223
What is the external oblique?
Flat muscle. Rotates trunk, flexes the spine.
224
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
Sartorius
225
What is the Sartorius?
Thin muscle. Flex and rotate hip joint
226
What are the quadriceps?
Group of 4 muscles on front of thigh
227
What is the deltoid?
228
What does tricep mean?
3 heads
229
What is the gluteus maximus?
Buttocks muscle. Hip extension and lateral rotation of the thigh.
230
What is the largest buttocks muscle?
Gluteus maximus
231
What does the muscular system depend on?
Nutrition, Hydration, physical activity, and rest
232
What does the muscular system work with?
The nervous, circulatory, and respiratory systems work together to create movement.
233
What are the most important organs in the muscular system?
Heart and digestive organs
234
What can damaged tissue be fixed with?
Cell division. New cells replace damaged cells
235
236
What is the main goal of the digestive system?
Everything happens in the digestive system so that nutrients can be small enough to be absorbed by individual cells
237
What are the main components of the digestive system?
-mouth
-salivary glands
-esophagus
-stomach
-small and large intestine
238
What is Peristalsis?
Involuntary muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system
239
What are the types of digestion?
-chemical
-mechanical
240
What is chemical digestion?
The digestion in the stomach with acids breaking down the food
241
What is mechanical digestion?
The digestion in the mouth, when you are chewing your food to break it down
242
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
-nasal cavity
-trachea
-larynx
-lungs
-bronchus
-bronchioles
-diaphragm
-alveoli
243
What does the diaphragm do?
It is a muscle that helps exchange gases, and changes the pressure in the lungs and chest cavity to allow gases to exchange
244
What are alveoli?
Air sacks on the end of bronchioles that exchange gases, CO2 and oxygen
245
What is in blood?
White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
246
What do white blood cells do?
Fight infection
247
What do platelets do?
Stop bleeding
248
Why do arteries have thicker walls?
Because they are under more pressure and force, because the blood they are carrying has oxygen
249
Which have thinner walls veins or arteries?
Veins
250
What are the walls like on capillaries?
They have very thin walls with only one layer of cells
251
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
-heart
-arteries
-veins
-atria
-ventricle
-capillaries
-blood
252
What covers alveoli?
Capillaries
253
Where do veins pick up oxygen?
In the capillaries
254
What is diffusion in alveoli and capillaries?
When the gases are exchanged through the cell membrane
255
What is absorption in the villi and capillaries?
When the food particles go through the cell membrane into the bloodstream
256
Where are the villi?
In the small intestine
257
What are the main components of the excretory system?
-lungs
-skin
-liver
-kidneys
-nephrons
258
What are in the kidneys?
Nephrons
259
What do the nephrons do?
Filter blood, take out waste products and return needed substances back into the blood
260
What do Motor neurons do?
Tells the body how to move
261
What do Sensory Neurons do?
Feel the different inputs from the outside world
262
What are the main parts of the nervous system?
-brain
-spinal cord
-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system
-neurons
263
What is the central nervous system?
Just the brain and spinal cord
264
What is the peripheral nervous system?
All of the nerves outside of your brain and spinal cord which send messages back to the brain
265
What are the different types of muscle?
-Skeletal muscles
-Smooth muscle
-Cardiac muscles
266
What do skeletal muscles do?
Help the body move and stabilize
267
What do smooth muscles do?
They do the internal involuntary muscle movements, like your diaphragm
268
What is cardiac muscle?
The muscle that makes up the heart.
269
How many bones are in the adult human body?
206-213 depends if all the fusions happen while growing up
270
How many bones are in a child's human body?
270 because bones fuse together to create larger bones
271
How long does fusion take to be completed?
Until you are about 25
272
What is the smallest bone in the human body?
Stapes
273
Where is the stapes?
The inner ear
274
What is the largest bone in the human body?
Femur
275
Where is the femur?
Upper leg
276
What is bolus?
The small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.
277
Why does our breathing rate increase?
Because our muscles demand more oxygen
278
How are materials exchanged between unicellular organisms?
Between the cell and its external environment
279
How are materials exchanged between multicellular organisms?
Go through the circulatory system to the cells
280
How are substances brought to cells?
Blood
281
How much of the body is blood?
About 8%
282
What is Plasma?
The liquid part of blood that transports carbon dioxide made by the body
283
What do red blood cells contain?
Hemoglobin to attract oxygen
284
How much of blood is plasma?
55%
285
How much of blood is red blood cells?
44%
286
How much of blood is white blood cells?
Less than 1%
287
How much of blood is platelets?
Less than 1%
288
How much of blood is plasma and red blood cells?
More than 99%
289
What happens if the respiratory or digestive system is not working properly?
It affects the circulatory system
290
How many Canadians go to the hospital for circualtory disorders?
15%
291
How many Canadians go to the hospital for digestive disorders?
11%
292
How many Canadians go to the hospital for respiratory disorders?
10%
293
What is the leading cause of death in North America?
Circulatory system disorders
294
What is high blood pressure also called?
Hypertension
295
How does high blood pressure affect the human body?
It can affects the circulation of blood and leads to heart attacks and strokes
296
What is a heart attack?
Damage to the heart muscle
297
What is a stroke?
Brain Damage
298
What will people with hypertension feel?
Maybe nothing, also called the silent killer
299
What measures blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
300
What is in a Sphygmomanometer?
Inflatable pump that blocks artery
301
How do people listen to blood?
Stethoscope
302
What does blood pressure indicate?
Volume of blood, Heart rate, Artery size, artery elasticity, and blood viscosity
303
What makes you more likely to have a circulatory system problem?
Smoking, high cholesterol in blood, high blood pressure, lack of exercise
304
What does nicotine cause in the Circulatory System?
Causes blood vessels to constrict increasing heart rate and raising blood pressure. Co2 in the smoke causes oxygen to decrease in the blood
305
What can a poor diet cause?
Circulatory system disorders, high salt=higher blood pressure causing greater strain on the heart. High fat= cholesterol to build up in arteries, become narrow then blocked, tears in blood vessel walls causing blood clots, cause strokes, blood flow down causing heart attacks
306
What should you do to keep your circulatory system healthy?
Not smoking, proper diet, and regular exercise.
307
308
What is the path of food?
Food provides nutrients in the form of carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water which provide energy and materials used for growth, development, and repair.
309
What provides energy?
Carbohydrates -Starches and sugar
310
What starches should you eat?
Fleshy fruits, beans, and peas because they are high fibre and quick energy
311
What do fats do?
Provide energy to cushion vital organs from shock
312
What proteins should you eat?
Meat, fish, eggs, these are for growth and repair tissues
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What does a low-fibre diet do?
When there is little fibre, it takes the colon alonger time to process waste material (feces). This increases the chances of irritating the colon wall. Over a long period of time, a low-fibre diet may lead to colon cancer.
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What causes colon cancer?
Skipping meals, eat too much too quickly at one meal,
and eat foods high in sugar, cholesterol, and salt. All of these habits contribute to colon cancer, but a low-fibre diet is the most important contributing factor.
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What is a peptic ulcer?
When the stomach or small intestine is damaged by excess stomach acid.
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What does smoking cause?
More mucus causes bronchitis which can be treated but it can cause emphysema, major cause of smoking. Lung cancer
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What are the essential needs?
Clean air, water, nutritious foods, exercise, sleep,
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What are cilia?
Tiny hairlike projections that line the respiratory system to take out airborne particles
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What does regular exercise do?
Exercise helps to human body to process food and oxygen quicker.
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When does your immune system work better?
When you are well-fed and rested
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