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Immunosero (lec) > Cells and Organs Involves in Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Cells and Organs Involves in Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

BCRs in B-cells stands for:

A

Antigen-specific B-cell
receptors (BCRs)

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2
Q

Secrete antibody

A

B-CELLS

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3
Q

Humoral immunity

A

B-CELLS

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4
Q

TCRs in T-cells stands for:

A

Antigen-specific T-cell
receptors

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5
Q

T-cells subsets and
cytokines

A

T-CELLS

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6
Q

Cellular immunity

A

T-CELLS

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7
Q

T/F: Humoral immunity is under B cells

A

T

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8
Q

T/F: Cellular immunity is under T cells

A

T

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9
Q

T-cells also exhibit _______ by virtue of
their expression of a________.

A

antigen specificity

antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs)

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10
Q

In the case of T-cells, their participation in _______ is as varied as the ______ and _______ they produce.

A

adaptive immune responses
T-cell subsets
cytokines

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11
Q

Historically, T-cell mediated responses have been
referred to as _______ or ________

A

cell-mediated responses or cellular immunity

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12
Q

B cells expressing antigen-specific B-cell receptors
(BCRs) synthesize and secrete antibody into the
bloodstream

A

humoral immunity

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13
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow
thymus

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14
Q

Considered the largest tissue of the body, with a
total weight of _______ in the _____

A

BONE MARROW
1300 - 1500g
adult

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15
Q

Fills the core the all long bones

A

BONE MARROW

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16
Q

main source of hematopoietic stem cells of the blood cell lines

A

BONE MARROW

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17
Q

bone marrow is the main source of ______ of the blood cell lines

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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18
Q

what are the cells that arise from a common precursor

A

T,B,and NK cells

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19
Q

T,B,and NK cells arise from what common precursor

A

common lymphoid precursor (CLP)

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20
Q

Site of T cells maturation

A

THYMUS

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21
Q

THYMUS is the site of ____

A

T cells maturation

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22
Q

A small, flat, bilobed organ found on the thorax,
weighs an average of 30 g at birth, reaches about
35 g at puberty, and then gradually atrophies

A

THYMUS

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23
Q

Thymus is a small, flat, bilobed organ found on the _____, weighs an average of _____at birth, reaches about _____ at puberty, and then gradually _____

A

thorax
30g
35g
atrophies

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24
Q

● Once differentiation occurs, _______ are released from the _____ and the _____.

A

mature T and B lymphocytes
bone marrow
thymus

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25
Q

Once differentiation occurs, mature T and B
lymphocytes are released from the bone marrow
and the thymus. They migrate to _____ and become part of a ______

A

secondary lymphoid organs
recirculating pool

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26
Q

What are the different secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s
patches in the intestines, and other mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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27
Q

where activation of lymphocytes occurs on these organs (secondary lymphoid organs)

A

Lymphopoieses

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28
Q

MALT stands for

A

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

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29
Q

Largest secondary lymphoid organ

A

spleen

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30
Q

spleen: approx. ____ and weighing ____ in adult

A

12 cm
150 g

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31
Q

Located in the upper-left quadrant of the abdome

A

SPLEEN

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32
Q

A large discriminating filter, as it removes old and
damaged cells and foreign antigens from the blood

A

SPLEEN

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33
Q

makes up >1/2 of the total vol.; function
is to destroy old RBC

A

Red pulp

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34
Q

Red pulp makes up ____ of the total volume

A

> 1/2

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35
Q

what is the function of red pulp

A

to destroy old RBCs

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36
Q

approx. 20% of total wt. of spleen and
contains the lymphoid tissue

A

White pulp:

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37
Q

White pulp is approx. ___ of total weight of ____ and contains the _____

A

20%
spleen
lymphoid tissue

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38
Q

lymph node is located along _____

A

lymphatic ducts

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39
Q

Located along lymphatic ducts

A

LYMPH NODES

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40
Q

serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from
adjacent tissues

A

LYMPH NODES

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41
Q

primary function: Generation of B-cell memory

A

lymph nodes

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42
Q

what is the primary function
of lymph nodes

A

● Generation of B-cell memory

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43
Q

T/F: Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells
causes the lymph nodes to become small

A

F; enlarged

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44
Q

what condition shows enlarged lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

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45
Q

The outermost layer of the lymph nodes

A

cortex

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46
Q

contains
macrophages and aggregations of B cells in
primary follicles similar to those found in the
spleen

A

cortex

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47
Q

cortex contains contains
_____ and aggregations of _____ in
primary follicles similar to those found in the
spleen.

A

macrophages
B cells

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48
Q

the ___ cells found in the cortex, are _____, ______
that have not yet been exposed to ____

A

B
mature
resting B cells
antigen

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49
Q

Specialized cells that also located in the cortex

A

follicular dendritic cells

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50
Q

They are found only in lymphoid follicles
and have long cytoplasmic processes that
radiate out like _____

A

follicular dendritic cells
tentacles

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51
Q

These cells
exhibit a large number of receptors for
antibody and complement and help to
capture antigen to present to T and B cells

A

follicular dendritic cells

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52
Q

consist of antigen stimulated proliferating B cells.

A

Secondary follicles

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53
Q

Secondary follicles consist of ____

A

antigen stimulated proliferating B cells

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54
Q

interior of a secondary follicle is known
as

A

germinal center

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55
Q

The interior of a secondary follicle is known
as the germinal center, because it is here
that ______ of the ______ takes place

A

blast transformation
B cells

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56
Q

actively secrete antibody, and memory cells

A

Plasma cells

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57
Q

Plasma cells actively secretes _____ and ___w hich are just a step away from forming plasma cells

A

antibody
memory cells

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58
Q

primary function of lymph nodes.

A

generation of B-cell memory

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59
Q

generation of B-cell memory is the primary function of

A

lymph nodes

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60
Q

T lymphocytes are mainly localized in the __

A

paracortex

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61
Q

mainly localized in the paracortex

A

T lymphocytes

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62
Q

The region between the follicles and the
medulla

A

paracortex

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63
Q

The region between the follicles and the
medulla

A

paracortex

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64
Q

T lymphocytes are in close
proximity to antigen-presenting cells called
________

A

interdigitating cells

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65
Q

The ______ is less densely populated but contains some _____ (in addition to B cells), _____,
and numerous _______.

A

medulla
T cells
macrophages,
plasma cells.

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66
Q

Accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells
causes the lymph nodes to become enlarged, a
condition known ___

A

lymphadenopathy

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67
Q

What are the 4 other secondary lymphoid organs

A
  1. Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
  2. Tonsils and Appendix
  3. Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
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68
Q

Found in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

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69
Q

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) is found in ____. ___ and _____

A

gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts

70
Q

MALT:

In gastrointestinal, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts , ___ and ____ are
localized at some of the main ports of entry
for foreign organisms.

A

macrophages
lymphocytes

71
Q

represent a specialized type of
MALT and are located at the lower ileum of the
intestinal tract

A

● Peyer’s patches

72
Q

Found in the mucous membrane lining of the oral
and pharyngeal cavities

A

Tonsils

73
Q

Their function is to respond to pathogens entering
the respiratory and alimentary tracts

A

Tonsils

74
Q

An additional location of lymphoid tissue and the potential site for contact w foreign antigens wc increase the probability of an immune response

A

appendix

75
Q

T/F: All of these PRIMARY organs are potential
site for contact with foreign antigens which
increase the probability of an immune
response

A

F; SECONDARY

76
Q

WHAT OTHER SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS

The epidermis contains a number of intraepidermal
lymphocytes

A

Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

77
Q

The epidermis contains a number of _____

A

intraepidermal lymphocytes.

78
Q

Most of these are T cells, which are uniquely
positioned to combat any antigens that enter
through the skin

A

Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

79
Q

CALT stands for

A

Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)

80
Q

Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used
as markers to differentiate T cells and B cells.

A

SURFACE MARKERS

81
Q

SURFACE MARKERS ON LYMPHOCYTES are Proteins that appear on cell surfaces can be used
as markers to differentiate ____ and ___

A

T cells and B cells

82
Q

these are Proteins that can also be used to distinguish the developmental stages of the two types of cells
according to when these proteins appear

A

SURFACE MARKERS

83
Q

A reference in standardizing names of membrane
proteins found on all human white blood cells

A

CLUSTERS OF DIFFERENTIATION (CD)

84
Q

STAGES IN B-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

A

Pro B-cells
Pre B-cells
Immature B-cells
Mature B-cells
Activated B-cells
Plasma Cells

85
Q

has distinctive markers that include
surface antigens CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and
c-Kit

A

Pro B-cells

86
Q

Pro-B cell has distinctive markers that include
surface antigens ___. _____, _____, ______, and ____

A

CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and
c-Kit

87
Q

Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody
molecule occurs

A

Pre B-cells

88
Q

Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody
molecule occurs

A

Pre B-cells

89
Q

In the Pre B-cells, The first heavy chains synthesized are the _____, which belong to the class of
immunoglobulins called ______ , accompanied by an
unusual light chain called a ______

A

μ chains
IgM
surrogate light chain

90
Q

In the Pre B-cells, once the _____ is expressed,
neighboring pre-B cells may send signals for
further _____

A

pre-B receptor (preBCR)
maturation

91
Q

Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM
molecules on the cell surface

A

Immature B-cells

92
Q

Immature B-cells is Distinguished by the appearance of complete _____ molecules on the cell surface

A

IgM

93
Q

Completion of light chain rearrangement commits
a cell to produce an antibody molecule with
specificity for a particular antigen or group of
related antigens.

A

Immature B-cells

94
Q

In Immature B-cells, this is where both the light and heavy chains occurs

A

Variable regions,

95
Q

Variable regions, which occur on
both the light and heavy chains, determine this
_____

A

specificity

96
Q

Other surface proteins that appear on the
immature B cell include:

A

→ CD21
→ CD 40
→ Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class
II molecules

97
Q

MATURE B-CELLS:

In the ____, immature B cells develop into
mature cells known ______

A

spleen
marginal zone B cells,

98
Q

remain in the spleen in order to respond quickly to
any blood-borne pathogens they may come into
contact with

A

marginal zone B cells

99
Q

MATURE B-CELLS:

Other immature B cells become ______,
which are found in _____ and other
_____

A

follicular B cells,
lymph nodes,
secondary organs

100
Q

MATIURE B-CELLS

Both ____ and _____are exhibited on their surface

A

IgM
IgD

101
Q

T/F: IgD is required for B-cell function

A

F; NOT REQUIRED

102
Q

T/F: IgD is not required for B-cell function, but it
may prolong the life span of mature B cells in
the periphery

A

T

103
Q

Antigen-dependent activation of B cells takes
place in the _____ of ______

A

primary follicles
peripheral lymphoid tissue

104
Q

ACTIVATED B-CELLS EXHIBIT:

Identifying markers that include ____, which is
found on both ____ T and B cells and acts as
a receptor for _______, a growth factor
produced by T cells

A

CD25
activated
interleukin-2 (IL-2)

105
Q

a growth factor
produced by T cells

A

interleukin-2 (IL-2)

106
Q

Activated B-cells Exhibit:

Additional receptors that appear at this time are
_____ for other ____ produced by _____.

A

specific
growth factors
T cells

107
Q

Activated B-cells Exhibit:

When B cells are activated in this manner,
they transform into _____ that will give rise to both
_____ and so-called ______ s.

A

blasts,
plasma cells
memory cells

108
Q

Spherical or ellipsoidal cells

A

plasma cells

109
Q

Plasma cells are spherical or ellipsoidal cells between ___ in size

A

10 and 20 μm

110
Q

Plasma cells are Characterized by the presence of:

A

→ Abundant cytoplasmic immunoglobulin
→ Little to no surface immunoglobulin

111
Q

Represents the most fully differentiated
lymphocyte

A

Plasma cells

112
Q

main function is antibody
production

A

plasma cells

113
Q

main function is antibody
production

A

plasma cells

114
Q

what is the main function of plasma cells

A

antibody production

115
Q

T/F: Plasma cells are normally found in the blood

A

F; Plasma cells are NOT normally found in the blood

116
Q

Plasma cells are not normally found in the blood
but are located in ______ in the _______

A

germinal centers
peripheral lymphoid organs.

117
Q

are nondividing, and after several
days of antibody production, they die without
further proliferation

A

PLASMA CELLS

118
Q

Plasma cells are ___, and after several
days of antibody production, they ___ without
further ____

A

nondividing,
die
proliferation

119
Q

Also found in germinal centers and have a much
longer life span than a resting B cell

A

Memory cells

120
Q

Memory cells are Also found in germinal centers and have a much longer life span than a resting ____

A

B cell

121
Q

, represent
progeny of antigen-stimulated B cells that are
capable of responding to antigen with increased
speed and intensity

A

Memory cells

122
Q

They are similar in appearance to unstimulated
B cells, but they remain in an _____ state for
____ or ___, ready to respond to the initial
_____.

A

memory cells

activated
months or years,
antigen.

123
Q

60 to 80% of circulating lymphocytes in the
peripheral blood are ____

A

T cells

124
Q

_____ to ____ of circulating lymphocytes in the
peripheral blood are T cells, and these become
differentiated in the _____

A

60 to 80%
thymus

125
Q

Early surface markers on thymocytes (Lymphocyte
precursors) that are committed to becoming T cells

A

CD44 and CD25

126
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

Early surface markers on ______ (Lymphocyte
precursors) that are committed to becoming T cells
include ____ and ____

A

thymocytes
CD44
CD25

127
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

Orderly rearrangement of the genes coding for the
antigen receptor, distinct surface markers appear
during ______

A

specific stages of development

128
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

Maturation is an elaborate process that takes place
over a ______ period as cells filter through the
_____ to the _____

A

3-week
cortex
medulla

129
Q

T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

interaction with _____ under the influence of
____, especially ______, is critical for
growth and differentiation

A

stromal cells
cytokines
interleukin-7,

130
Q

What are the stages under T-CELL DIFFERENTIATION

A

Double-Negative Stage
Double-Positive Stage

131
Q

Lack CD4 and CD8 markers

A

Double-Negative Stage

132
Q

Double-Negative Stage lack ___ and ___ markers

A

CD4 and CD8

133
Q

Rearrangement of the genes that code for the
antigen receptor known as TCR begins at this
stage

A

. Double-Negative Stage

134
Q

genes that code for the
antigen receptor

A

TCR (T-CELL RECEPTOR?)

135
Q

Rearrangement of the β chain occurs

A

Double-Negative Stage

136
Q

Rearrangement of the ___ occurs in the Double-Negative Stage

A

β chain

137
Q

Stage where Thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 antigens

A

Double-Positive Stage

138
Q

Thymocytes express both___ and _____,
they are called _____

A

cd4 and cd8
double-positive

139
Q

In Double-Positive Stage, ___ express both CD4 and CD8 antigens

A

Thymocytes

140
Q

___ proliferate and then
begin to rearrange the genes coding for the ___

A

Double positive thymocytes
alpha chain

141
Q

MATURE T-CELLS:

Survivors of selection exhibit only ____ type of
marker, either ___ or ____, and they migrate to the
____

A

one
CD4
CD8
medulla

142
Q

MATURE T-CELLS:

___ recognize antigen along with MHC
class II protein;

A

CD4+ T cells

143
Q

MATURE T-CELLS:

CD4+ T cells recognize antigen along with ___

A

MHC class II protein

144
Q

MATURE T-CELLS:

____ interact with
antigen and MHC class I proteins

A

CD8+ T cells

145
Q

MATURE T-CELLS:

CD8+ T cells interact with _____ AND _____ PROTEINS

A

antigen
d MHC class I

146
Q

T cells bearing the CD4 receptor are termed __; while the CD8-positive are ___

A

helper, or inducer cells,

cytotoxic T cells

147
Q

helper, or inducer cells, are the T cells bearing the ___

A

CD4 receptor

148
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8-positive

149
Q

____ are released from the _____
and seed ____

A

mature T cells
thymus
peripheral lymphoid organs

150
Q

____ have a life span of up to several years in these
peripheral organs

A

Resting T cells

151
Q

Lymphocytes that do not express the markers of
either T cells or B cells

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

152
Q

plays a critical role in NK cell
development

A

Interleukin-15

153
Q

Larger than T cells and B cells at approximately ____ in diameter

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS
15 μm

154
Q

contain kidney-shaped nuclei

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

155
Q

NATURAL KILLER CELLS nuclei:

A

kidney-shaped nuclei

156
Q

NK cells contain ____ chromatin and ____
nucleoli.

A

condensed
prominent

157
Q

T/F: NK cells have low cytoplasmic-nuclear ratio

A

F; HIGHER

158
Q

Cytoplasm of NK cells contains a number of ____

A

azurophilic granules.

159
Q

Cytoplasm contains a number of azurophilic
granules.

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

160
Q

NATURAL KILLER CELLS Make up ____ percent of the circulating lymphoid pool and are found mainly in the ____ and ___

A

5 to 10 percent
spleen and peripheral blood

161
Q

Have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and
kill target cells without prior exposure to them

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

162
Q

They play an important role as a transitional cell
bridging the innate and the acquired response to
pathogens

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

163
Q

T/F: Natural killer cells lack specificity in their response

A

T

164
Q

T/F: The fact that NK CELLS lack specificity in their response is essential to their function as early defenders against pathogens

A

T

165
Q

The fact that NK CELLS lack specificity in their response is essential to their function as early ___ against ____.

This gives time for the ____ response of specific T and B cells to be ____

A

defenders
pathogens

acquired
activated

166
Q

allows NK cells to attach to and lyse any
cells that are coated with antibody

A

CD16

167
Q

2 subsets of NK cells

A

A high level of CD56 and low or no CD16
Some CD56 and high levels of CD16

168
Q

produce more cytokines and help support
antibody production

A

A high level of CD56 and low or no CD16

169
Q

have
a higher cytotoxic activity

A

→ Some CD56 and high levels of CD16 -

170
Q

NK cell activity is stimulated by exposure to
_____

A

cytokines

171
Q

NK cell activity is stimulated by exposure to
cytokines such as:: (3)

A

→ Interleukin-12
→ Interferon gamma
→ Interferon beta

172
Q

Since those cytokines rises rapidly during a viral infection, NK cells are able to respond early on during an infection, and their activity peaks in about ____,
well before____ or a _____
response

A

3 days,
antibody production,
cytotoxic T cell

Immunosero (lec) (3 decks)

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