Antibodies Flashcards
1
Q
Antibodies is aka
A
immunoglobulins
2
Q
it is the end product of antigen stimulation and
differentiation of B cells
A
Antibodies
3
Q
Glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the
blood
A
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
4
Q
IMMUNOGLOBULINS Constitute approximately _____% of _____ in healthy individuals
A
20%
plasma proteins
5
Q
Constitute approximately 20% of plasma proteins
in healthy individuals
A
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
6
Q
IMMUNOGLOBULINS is composed of ___ to ____ polypeptide and ___ to ____ carbohydrate
A
86% to 98%
2% to 14%
7
Q
IMMUNOGLOBULINS Composed of 86% to 98% ____ and 2% to
14% _____
A
polypeptide
carbohydrate
8
Q
Composed of 86% to 98% polypeptide and 2% to
14% carbohydrate
A
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
9
Q
● Play an essential role in antigen recognition and
in biological activities related to the immune
response such as opsonization and complement
activation
A
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
10
Q
IMMUNOGLOBULINS is divided into ___ major classes on the basis of a part of the molecule called the ‘_______’
A
five
heavy chain
11
Q
What are the five major classes of immunoglobulins
A
→ IgG – γ
→ IgM – μ
→ IgA – α
→ IgD – δ
→ IgE – ε
12
Q
STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
A
Tetrapeptide
13
Q
STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS is tetrapeptide as elucidated by _____ and ___
A
Gerald Edelman and
Rodney Porter
14
Q
STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS Consists of two large chains called _____ or ____ and two smaller chains called ____ or ____
A
heavy or H chains
light or L chains
15
Q
T/F The two large chains in the structure of immunoglobulin is called heavy or H chain
A
T
16
Q
T/F The two smaller chains in the structure of immunoglobulin is called light or L chains
A
t
17
Q
STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Each chain has a ________ (unique to
each specific antibody) and one or more ______
A
single variable region
constant regions
18
Q
the single variable region in the structure of immunoglobulin is unique to each ______
A
specific antibody
19
Q
STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Chains are held together by _________ and _________
A
non-covalent forces
disulfide interchain bridges
20
Q
Cleaved IgG into 3 pieces
A
Papain Digestion
21
Q
Papain Digestion Cleaved IgG into ___ pieces
A
3
22
Q
Fc fragment
A
Papain Digestion
23
Q
Fc in Fc fragment stands for
A
fragment crystallizable
24
Q
Fc fragment in Papain Digestion is Spontaneously crystallized at _____
A
4˚C
25
Spontaneously crystallized at 4˚C
Fc fragment
26
Has no antigen binding ability
Fc fragment
27
Important in the effector functions of Ig
molecules (opsonization and complement
fixation)
Fc fragment
28
2 identical Fab fragments
Papain Digestion
29
Fab in 2 identical Fab fragments in Papain digestion stands for
Fragment Antigen Binding
30
Have antigen-binding capacity
2 identical Fab fragments
31
Consists of one L chain and one-half of an H
chain held together by disulfide bonding
2 identical Fab fragments
32
2 identical Fab fragments consists of one _____ and one-half of an ____ held together by ______
L chain
H chain
disulfide bonding
33
Cleaved IgG at the carboxy-terminal side of the
interchain double bonds
Pepsin Digestion
34
Pepsin Digestion Cleaved ______ at the ____ side of the
_______
IgG
carboxy-terminal
interchain double bonds
35
F(ab’)2 and Fc
Pepsin Digestion
36
T/F: In Pepsin Digestion, F(ab’)2 and Fc is similar to Fc except that it
disintegrated into several larger pieces
F; SMALLER pieces
37
2 types of Light Chains
→ Kappa chains
→ Lambda chains
38
Each contains between 200-220 amino acids
Light Chains
39
Light Chains each contains between _______
with the same sequence from _________ (the amino terminus is position ______)
200-220 amino acids;
111 onwards;
number 1
40
it is the region in light chain
with the same amino acid sequence
Constant region
41
Light Chains:
amino-terminal end
Variable region
42
In LIGHT CHAINS;
___ of ____ are kappa chains because they
are coded for first in ____ of genes
coding for _____
60%
L chains
DNA transcription
antibody molecules
43
The difference lies in the amino acid substitutions
at a few locations along the chain
Light Chains
44
No functional differences between the two types
Light Chains
45
Both are found in all five classes of
immunoglobulins, but only one type is present in a
given molecule
Light chains
46
With variable and constant regions
Heavy Chain
47
Region in heavy chains
location of the first approx. 110 amino acids at the amino-terminal end
Variable region
48
The Variable region in Heavy chains
location of the first approx. ____
amino acids at the _____
110
amino-terminal end
49
location of the remaining
amino acids in the HEAVY CHAINS
Constant region
50
can be divided into 3 or 4 constant
regions with very similar sequences: CH1, CH2,
and CH3
Constant region
51
The constant region in HEAVY CHAIN can be divided into ____ constant regions with very similar sequences: ___, _____,
and ____
3 or 4
CH1, CH2, and CH3
52
Unique to each class and give each
immunoglobulin type its name:
Heavy Chain
53
IgG has an ____ chain
γ
54
IgM has a ___ chain
μ
55
IgA has a ___ chain
α
56
IgD has a ____ chain
δ
57
IgE an ___ chain
ε
58
A unique amino acid sequence that is common to
all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a
given species
Isotype
59
Isotype is determined by the _____
heavy-chain constant region
60
What are the five antibody isotypes that each
have a unique heavy-chain constant region
IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA
61
Minor variations in isotype
Allotypes
62
occur in the four IgG subclasses, in one
IgA subclass, and in the κ L chain
Allotypes
63
Allotypes occur in the ____ ____ subclasses, in ___
___ subclass, and in the ___ ____ ___
four IgG;
one IgA;
κ L chain
64
Variable portions of each chain that are unique to
a specific antibody molecule
Idiotype
65
Amino-terminal ends of both L and H chains,
serve as the antigen-recognition unit
Idiotype
66
Idiotype serve as
antigen-recognition unit
67
The segment of H chain located between the CH1
and CH2 regions
Hinge Region
68
Has a high content of proline and hydrophobic
residues
Hinge Region
69
T/F Gamma, delta, and alpha all have a hinge region,
but mu and epsilon chains do not
T
70
all have a hinge region
Gamma, delta, and alpha
71
HINGE REGION:
All types of immunoglobulins contain a
____ portion, which is localized between
the ___ domains of the two _____
carbohydrate
CH2
H chains
72
Allows for flexibility and assists in effector
functions including initiations of the complement
cascade and binding to cells with specific
receptors for the Fc portion of the molecule
Proline
73
Proline Allows for ____ and assists in effector
functions including ___ of the complement
cascade and _____ to cells with _____ for the ____ portion of the molecule
flexibility;
initiations;
binding;
specific receptors;
Fc
74
lets the two antigen-binding sites operate
independently and engage in an angular motion
relative to each other and to the FC stem
Proline
75
Increases the solubility of immunoglobulin
Carbohydrates
76
Provides protection against degradation
Carbohydrates
77
Enhances functional activity of the FC domains
Carbohydrates
78
Predominant immunoglobulin in humans
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
79
70 – 75% of total serum immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
80
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is _____ of total ____ immunoglobulins
70 – 75%
serum
81
Half life of IgG
: 23 days
82
Give the four major subclasses of IgG
→ IgG1
→ IgG2
→ IgG3
→ IgG4
83
IgG1 percent distribution
66%
84
IgG2 percent distribution
23%
85
IgG3 percent distribution
7%
86
IgG4 percent distribution
4%
87
Subclasses differ mainly in the number and
position of the disulfide bridges between the γ
chains
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
88
In immunoglobulin G (IgG); the subclasses differ mainly in the ___ and ____ of the _____ between the ____ chains
number;
position;
disulfide bridges ;
γ chains
89
T/F: All subclasses of IgG have the ability to cross the
placenta
F; except IgG2
90
Variability in the hinge region affects the ability to
reach for antigen and the ability to initiate
important biological functions such as
complement activation
IgG
91
In IgG:
Variability in the _____ affects the ability to
reach for ____ and the ability to initiate
important biological functions such as
_____
hinge region;
antigen;
complement activation
92
mediators of complement activation in IgG
IgG3, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4
93
T/F: IgG1 being the most efficient, followed by
IgG3
F; IgG3 being the most efficient, followed by
IgG1
94
major function of IgG:
- Provides ___ for the ____
- Fixing _____
- Coating ____ for enhanced _____ (opsonization)
- Neutralizing ____ and ____
- Participating in ____ and _____ reactions
- immunity, newborn
- complement
- antigen, phagocytosis
- toxins, viruses
- agglutination, precipitation
95
What are the Major Functions of IgG
● Provides immunity for the
newborn
● Fixing complement
● Coating antigen for enhanced
phagocytosis (opsonization)
● Neutralizing toxins and
viruses
● Participating in agglutination
and precipitation reactions
96
the only antibody
that can cross the
placenta
IgG
97
Most abundant antibody/immunoglobulin in serum
IgG
98
Increases with second exposure
IgG
99
Known as a macroglobulin because it has a
sedimentation rate of 19 S, which represents a
molecular weight of approximately 900,000
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
100
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is Known as a ____ because it has a
sedimentation rate of ____ which represents a
molecular weight of approximately ______
macroglobulin,
19 S,
900,000
101
Half life of IgM
about 6 days
102
5% and 10% of all serum immunoglobulins
IgM
103
IgM is____ and ____ of all serum immunoglobulins
5% and 10%
104
Assumes a starlike pattern with 10 functional
binding sites
IgM
105
IgM assumes a _____ with ___ functional
binding sites
starlike pattern
10
106
Found mainly in the intravascular pool because
of its large size; cannot cross the placenta
IgM
107
IgM is found mainly in intravascular pool
IgM
108
T/F: IgM cannot cross the placenta due to its larger size
T
109
Known as the primary response antibody
IgM
110
IgM is known as
primary response antibody
111
→ It is the first to appear after antigenic
stimulation and the first to appear in the
maturing infant
IgM
112
Synthesized only as long as antigen remains
present
IgM
113
IgM is Synthesized only as long as antigen remains
present because there are no ____ for
IgM
memory cells
114
Can be used to diagnose an acute infection, as
its presence indicates a primary exposure to
antigen
IgM
115
IgM can be used to diagnose:
acute infection
116
Pentamer with 10 antibody-combining sites
IgM
117
Indicates acute infection
IgM
118
2 forms of IgM
Pentamer
Monomer
119
Form of IgM that is Found in serum
Pentamer
120
held by a J or joining chain which serve as
linkage points for disulfide bonds between 2
adjacent monomers
Pentamer
121
Facilitates secretion as mucosal surfaces
Pentamer
122
Pentamer Facilitates secretion as __
mucosal surfaces
123
Form of IgM that is Present on the surface of B cells
Monomer
124
What are the 4 Functions of IgM
● Complement fixation
● Agglutination
● Opsonization
● Toxin neutralization
125
Represents 10% to 15% of all circulating
immunoglobulin
IgA
126
IgA Represents ___ to ___ of all ________
10% to 15%
circulating immunoglobulin
127
Appears as a monomer with a molecular weight of
approximately ____
IgA
160,000
128
IgA has a sedimentation coefficient of ____
7 S
129
Two sub-classes of IgA
IgA1
IgA2
130
Sub-class of IgA that is mainly found in serum
IgA1
131
predominant form of IgA in secretions at
mucosal surfaces
IgA2
132
Has a secretory component (SC)
IgA
133
protects IgA
from enzymatic digestion while it patrols mucosal
surfaces
secretory component (SC)
134
Aggregation of immune complexes may trigger
the alternate complement pathway
IgA
135
Immunoglobulin A (IgA):
_____ of immune complexes may trigger
the ________
Aggregation;
alternate complement pathway
136
Monomer and dimer
IgA
137
Protects mucosal surfaces
IgA
138
Function of IgA
- Serum IgA
- Secretory IgA
139
anti-inflammatory agent
Serum IgA
140
Downregulates IgG-mediated phagocytosis,
chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and
cytokine release
Serum IgA
141
Serum IgA
→ Downregulates IgG-mediated ____,
____, ____ activity, and
_____ release
phagocytosis,
chemotaxis,
bactericidal,
cytokine
142
– patrol mucosal surfaces and act
as a first line of defense
Secretory IgA
143
Plays an important role in neutralizing toxins
produced by microorganisms and helps to
prevent ____ and ____ adherence to
_____
Secretory IgA;
bacterial,
viral,
mucosal surfaces
144
In ____, it maintains the health of
newborns by passively transferring
___ and greatly decreasing infant
death from both ____and
____ infection
Secretory IgA;
breastmilk;
antibodies;
145
In ____, it maintains the health of
newborns by passively transferring
___ and greatly decreasing infant
death from both ____and
____ infection
Secretory IgA;
breastmilk;
antibodies;
respiratory;
gastrointestinal
146
Represents less than 0.001% of total
immunoglobulins
IgD
147
IgD Represents ____ than _____ of total
immunoglobulins
less;
0.001%
148
Half life of IgD
: 1 to 3 days
149
● Found on the surface of immunocompetent but
unstimulated B lymphocytes
IgD
150
The second type of immunoglobulin to appear
(IgM being the first)
IgD
151
Present on B cells
IgD
152
play a role in B-cell activation
IgD
153
Identifies mature B cells
IgD
154
Best known for its very low concentration in
serum
IgE
155
IgE total serum concentration
0.0005% of total serum immunoglobulins
156
Has the ability to activate mast cells and
basophils
IgE
157
IgE Has the ability to activate ____ and
____
mast cells
basophils
158
The most heat-labile of all immunoglobulins
IgE
159
Heating of IgE to ____ for between ____ and
____ results in conformational ____
and _____of ability to bind to ____
56°C
30 minutes and 3 hours
changes and loss
target cells
160
Shortly after synthesis it attaches to basophils,
Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and tissue mast
cells
IgE
161
Shortly after synthesis, IgE attaches to ____,
______, _____, and _______
basophils,
Langerhans cells,
eosinophils,
tissue mast cells
162
Induces type 1 immediate hypersensitivity or
allergic reaction and mediates phagocytosis of
parasites
IgE
163
IgE Induces _____ or ____ and mediates _____ of
_____
Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity or allergic reaction
phagocytosis of parasites
164
Binds to mast cell
IgE
165
Triggers allergic response
IgE
166
Role in response to parasites
IgE
167
What are the 2 response of antibody synthesis
Primary Antibody Response
Secondary Antibody Response
168
occurs when the
body’s immune response encounters an antigen
for the first time
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
169
The primary response to an antigen takes ____
days before antibody can be detected
5 to 7
170
The primary response consists of approximately
equal amounts of IgM and IgG
171
The primary response consists of approximately
___ amounts of ___ and ___
equal
IgM and IgG
172
During this immune response, the body learns to
recognize the antigen, produce antibodies
against the antigen, and induce a long-term
memory response against the antigen.
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
173
During this PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE, the body learns to
___ the antigen, produce ____ against the ___, and induce a ____ against the antigen.
recognize;
antibodies;
antigen;
long-term memory response
174
Memory induction is enabled by the production
of immune memory lymphocytes.
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
175
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE:
Memory induction is enabled by the production
of _____
immune memory lymphocytes
176
The response induced involved the activation of
naive B-cells and naive T-cells.
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
177
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE:
The response induced involved the activation of
____ and _____
naive B-cells and naive T-cells.
178
The response lasts about 14 days to resolve
PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
179
In PRIMARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE, the response lasts about ____ to resolve
14 days
180
What are the Stages of Primary Antibody Response
Lag Phase
Exponential Phase
Plateau Phase
Decline Phase
181
Lag phase is aka
latent phase
182
It is the phase of the initial exposure to the
antigen
Lag Phase
183
This leads to the activation of naive B-cells that
produce antibodies to counter the antigen
Lag Phase
184
This phase takes a week, activating the
specialized B and T cells that come into contact
with the antigen
Lag Phase
185
Lag Phase takes a ____, activating the
specialized __ and ____ that come into contact
with the ____.
week,
B and T cells
antigen.
186
This is the phase of a rapid increase in antibody
production by the differentiated plasma cells
(plasma cells)
Exponential Phase
187
In ____ phase, The increase in antibody production is because of
the large number of plasma cells.
Exponential Phase
188
steady phase
Plateau Phase
189
is a steady phase where the antibody level
remains constant to maintain the levels of
antibody replenishing and production
Plateau Phase
190
T/F: In plateau phase, the antibodies that get used up
equal the antibodies that are produced.
T
191
● This phase involves a decrease in antibody
levels due to the decline in ___ cell numbers
which are dying out of ___ of _____
production.
Decline Phase;
plasma;
exhaustion;
antibody
192
During this phase, there are no new plasma cells
being produced because the antigen or
immunogen has been eliminated from the system
Decline Phase
193
T/F: In decline phase; , there are no new plasma cells
being produced because the antigen or
immunogen has been eliminated from the system
T
194
Also known as the anamnestic immune
response
SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE
195
SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE is aka
anamnestic immune
response
196
T/F: The secondary response to antigen occurs in a
longer time
F; SHORTER time
197
The amount of IgM is similar to that of the
primary response, whereas IgG may be up to
one hundred times greater than that of the
primary response
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE
198
IN SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY RESPONSE:
The amount of ____ is similar to that of the
primary response, whereas ____ may be up to
____ greater than that of the
primary response
IgM
IgG
one hundred times
199
This is the subsequent immune response after
the primary immune response
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE
200
The response that occurs the second or third or
fourth time the body encounters the same antigen
it encountered during the primary response.
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE
201
This response is mediated by the memory
lymphocytes that were produced during the
primary response.
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE
202
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE is mediated by the _____ that were produced during the
primary response.
memory lymphocytes
203
t/f: (SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE:)
Immediately after the same antigen is
encountered, the memory lymphocytes induce the
production of antibodies.
T
204
This response has a very short sharp lag phase
which means that both lag and exponential
phases take place at ago
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE
205
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE has a very short sharp ______
which means that both ____ and ____
____ take place at ago.
The antibody
production levels ____ rapidly within a ____ period, normally within a ___ days.
This is because of the ____
and ____ produced during the primary
response.
Lag phase
lag and exponential phases
increase
short,
few
antigen-specific memory T
B-cells
206
T/F: Because of the rapidity of the secondary
response, the antigen gets eliminated as soon as
it encounters the memory cells and before it can
cause disease
T
207
The antibodies produced during this response
remain circulating freely to ensure complete
elimination of the antigen.
SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE
208
In SECONDARY (ANAMNESTIC) ANTIBODY
RESPONSE, The antibodies produced
remain____ to ensure complete
____ of the ____.
circulating freely;
elimination;
antigen.
209
Very specific antibody rising from a single
plasma cell that has been cloned or duplicated
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
210
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY is discovered by
Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
211
made when a
cancerous cell or myeloma is fused with an
antibody-producing cell to form a hybridoma
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
212
Monoclonal antibodies are made when a
___ or ____ is fused with an
_____ to form a ____
cancerous cell
myeloma
antibody-producing cell
hybridoma
213
A. HOW HYBRIDOMA IS PRODUCED?
1. ____ is immunized with a ______,
then the ____is harvested.
2. ______ are fused with _____ in the
presence of _______,
producing _____
3. After fusion, cells are placed in culture containing
____, ____, and ____
(HAT) to allow selective growth of hybridoma cells
4. _______ produce ____
which are then harvested.
1. Mouse; specific antigen; spleen
2. Spleen cells; myeloma cells; polyethylene glycol (PEG); hybridoma
3. hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine
(HAT)
4. Hybridoma cells; monoclonal antibodies
214
Initially used for in vitro diagnostic testing such as
pregnancy testing, detection of tumor antigens,
and measurement of hormone levels
Hybridoma
215
Recently been used as therapeutic agents and
treatment of cancer
Hybridoma
216
Hybridoma is recently been used as a therapeutic agents for what diseases/condition
Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis
