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Feralis Bio > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main things in a cell membrane?

A

phospholipids; cholesterol; proteins

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

integral; peripheral

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3
Q

_____ membranes are embedded in the core of the plasma membrane

A

integral

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4
Q

many integral proteins are _____ proteins, meaning they extend all the way through the membrane

A

transmembrane

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5
Q

integral/transmembrane proteins may function in cell _____, but most tend to transport _____ molecules across the cell membrane

A

signaling; large, polar (hydrophilic)

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6
Q

_____ membrane proteins do not extend through the entire bilayer

A

peripheral

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7
Q

what are 3 common types of peripheral membrane proteins?

A

receptors; adhesion proteins; recognition proteins

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8
Q

recognition proteins are also known as _____

A

glycoproteins

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9
Q

what is a common example of a recognition peripheral protein?

A

major-histocompatibility complexes (MHC molecules)

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10
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect membrane fluidity?

A

temperature; cholesterol; the degree of phospholipid tail unsaturation

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11
Q

_____ particles can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion

A

small, uncharged, non-polar (hydrophobic)

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12
Q

simple diffusion is the flow of substances _____ their concentration gradient in a _____ consuming process

A

down; non-energy

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13
Q

_____ does not utilize proteins to help particles across the membrane

A

simple diffusion

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14
Q

osmosis is a type of _____

A

simple diffusion

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15
Q

_____ molecules cannot travel directly across the bilayer

A

large, hydrophilic

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16
Q

_____ describes how large, hydrophilic molecules travel across the bilayer by transmembrane proteins

A

facilitated transport

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17
Q

what are the three main types of facilitated transport (direction)?

A

uniport; synport; antiport

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18
Q

_____ move 1 molecule in 1 direction

A

uniporters

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19
Q

_____ move 2 molecules in the same (1) direction

A

synporters

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20
Q

_____ move 2 molecules in opposite (2) directions

A

antiporters

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21
Q

what are the two classes of transmembrane proteins involved with facilitated transport?

A

channel; carrier

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22
Q

_____ proteins face the extracellular and intracellular environments of the cell at the same time

A

channel

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23
Q

channel proteins are like tunnels for many _____

A

small, polar molecules and ions

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24
Q

_____ diffusion describes a type of facilitated transport of particles down their concentration gradient through a _____ protein

A

passive; channel

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25
porins and ion channels are common examples of _____ diffusion
passive
26
_____ change their shape to facilitate the movement of molecules through the protein.
carrier proteins
27
_____ occurs when particles travel against their concentration gradient, which requires an energy input
active transport
28
active transport tends to rely upon _____ proteins
carrier
29
what are the 2 types of active transport?
primary; secondary
30
_____ active transport uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis
primary
31
the Na+/K+ pump is a form of _____ active transport
primary
32
the Na+/K+ pump moves _____ out of the cell and _____ into the cell with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP
3 Na+; 2 K+
33
secondary active transport depends on _____ to generate free energy in the form of a concentration gradient
primary active transport
34
_____ active transport uses free energy to pump other molecules against their concentration gradient
secondary
35
_____ is bulk transport of large, polar (hydrophilic) molecules
cytosis
36
what are the 2 directions of cytosis?
endocytosis (in the cell) and exocytosis (out of the cell)
37
_____ is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs undissolved materials
phagocytosis | cellular eating
38
during phagocytosis, the cell membrane will project _____ to wrap around the solid
outward
39
phagocytosis forms _____
vacuoles (phagosomes)
40
_____ is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs dissolved materials
pinocytosis | cellular drinking
41
during pinocytosis, the cell membrane will _____ around the liquid
invaginate
42
pinocytosis forms _____
vesicles
43
certain non-steroidal hormones target cells via which pinocytosis mechanism?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
44
receptor-mediated endocytosis forms _____
vesicles
45
organelles are enclosed by a _____
phospholipid bilayer
46
membrane-bound organelles are predominately associated with which cell type?
eukaryotes
47
the _____ is the aqueous intracellular fluid
cytosol
48
the _____ is everything within the cell (fluid and organelles)
cytoplasm
49
what is the nucleus?
a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell's genetic material
50
do prokaryotes have a nucleus?
no - they have a nucleoid
51
the nucleus contains an aqueous _____
nucleoplasm
52
the nucleus has an inner and outer membrane, called the _____
nuclear envelope
53
what is the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes?
perinuclear space
54
the _____ is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope
nuclear lamina
55
the nuclear lamina is made of _____
intermediate filaments
56
the _____ functions to provide structural support to the nucleus; regulate DNA organization, DNA replication, and cell division
nuclear lamina
57
the nuclear envelope has holes called _____
nuclear pores
58
the _____ is a dense region in the nucleus, associated with ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleolus
59
is the nucleolus an organelle?
no - it is not membrane bound
60
ribosomal subunits contain _____ and _____
ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA); proteins
61
eukaryotic _____ are made in the nucleus and assembled in the cytosol
ribosomal subunits
62
what do ribosomes do?
function in the synthesis of proteins | translation
63
what is the structure of a eukaryotic ribosome?
60S + 40S = 80S
64
what is the structure of a prokaryotic ribosome?
50S + 30S = 70S
65
where are ribosomes found?
freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER
66
_____ ribosomes tend to make proteins that function within the cytosol of the cell
free
67
ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins _____
into the rough ER lumen
68
the rough ER is continuous with the _____, which means the ER lumen is continuous with the _____
outer nuclear membrane; perinuclear space
69
what happens to proteins inside the rough ER?
they are manipulated
70
what is a common manipulation for proteins in the rough ER?
glycosylation to make glycoproteins
71
what are the 2 fates of proteins that enter the lumen of the rough ER?
become a part of the cell membrane; exocytosis
72
the _____ synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export
smooth ER
73
in some cells (ex: liver), the _____ functions in the breakdown of toxins, and drugs
smooth ER
74
what is the name of the smooth ER of muscle cells that stores and releases Ca2+ ions?
sarcoplasmic reticulum

Feralis Bio (2 decks)

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