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Feralis Bio > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main things in a cell membrane?

A

phospholipids; cholesterol; proteins

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

integral; peripheral

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3
Q

_____ membranes are embedded in the core of the plasma membrane

A

integral

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4
Q

many integral proteins are _____ proteins, meaning they extend all the way through the membrane

A

transmembrane

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5
Q

integral/transmembrane proteins may function in cell _____, but most tend to transport _____ molecules across the cell membrane

A

signaling; large, polar (hydrophilic)

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6
Q

_____ membrane proteins do not extend through the entire bilayer

A

peripheral

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7
Q

what are 3 common types of peripheral membrane proteins?

A

receptors; adhesion proteins; recognition proteins

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8
Q

recognition proteins are also known as _____

A

glycoproteins

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9
Q

what is a common example of a recognition peripheral protein?

A

major-histocompatibility complexes (MHC molecules)

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10
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect membrane fluidity?

A

temperature; cholesterol; the degree of phospholipid tail unsaturation

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11
Q

_____ particles can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion

A

small, uncharged, non-polar (hydrophobic)

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12
Q

simple diffusion is the flow of substances _____ their concentration gradient in a _____ consuming process

A

down; non-energy

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13
Q

_____ does not utilize proteins to help particles across the membrane

A

simple diffusion

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14
Q

osmosis is a type of _____

A

simple diffusion

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15
Q

_____ molecules cannot travel directly across the bilayer

A

large, hydrophilic

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16
Q

_____ describes how large, hydrophilic molecules travel across the bilayer by transmembrane proteins

A

facilitated transport

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17
Q

what are the three main types of facilitated transport (direction)?

A

uniport; synport; antiport

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18
Q

_____ move 1 molecule in 1 direction

A

uniporters

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19
Q

_____ move 2 molecules in the same (1) direction

A

synporters

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20
Q

_____ move 2 molecules in opposite (2) directions

A

antiporters

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21
Q

what are the two classes of transmembrane proteins involved with facilitated transport?

A

channel; carrier

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22
Q

_____ proteins face the extracellular and intracellular environments of the cell at the same time

A

channel

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23
Q

channel proteins are like tunnels for many _____

A

small, polar molecules and ions

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24
Q

_____ diffusion describes a type of facilitated transport of particles down their concentration gradient through a _____ protein

A

passive; channel

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25
Q

porins and ion channels are common examples of _____ diffusion

A

passive

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26
Q

_____ change their shape to facilitate the movement of molecules through the protein.

A

carrier proteins

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27
Q

_____ occurs when particles travel against their concentration gradient, which requires an energy input

A

active transport

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28
Q

active transport tends to rely upon _____ proteins

A

carrier

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29
Q

what are the 2 types of active transport?

A

primary; secondary

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30
Q

_____ active transport uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis

A

primary

31
Q

the Na+/K+ pump is a form of _____ active transport

A

primary

32
Q

the Na+/K+ pump moves _____ out of the cell and _____ into the cell with the hydrolysis of 1 ATP

A

3 Na+; 2 K+

33
Q

secondary active transport depends on _____ to generate free energy in the form of a concentration gradient

A

primary active transport

34
Q

_____ active transport uses free energy to pump other molecules against their concentration gradient

A

secondary

35
Q

_____ is bulk transport of large, polar (hydrophilic) molecules

A

cytosis

36
Q

what are the 2 directions of cytosis?

A

endocytosis (in the cell) and exocytosis (out of the cell)

37
Q

_____ is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs undissolved materials

A

phagocytosis

cellular eating

38
Q

during phagocytosis, the cell membrane will project _____ to wrap around the solid

A

outward

39
Q

phagocytosis forms _____

A

vacuoles (phagosomes)

40
Q

_____ is a type of endocytosis where a cell engulfs dissolved materials

A

pinocytosis

cellular drinking

41
Q

during pinocytosis, the cell membrane will _____ around the liquid

A

invaginate

42
Q

pinocytosis forms _____

A

vesicles

43
Q

certain non-steroidal hormones target cells via which pinocytosis mechanism?

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

44
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis forms _____

A

vesicles

45
Q

organelles are enclosed by a _____

A

phospholipid bilayer

46
Q

membrane-bound organelles are predominately associated with which cell type?

A

eukaryotes

47
Q

the _____ is the aqueous intracellular fluid

A

cytosol

48
Q

the _____ is everything within the cell (fluid and organelles)

A

cytoplasm

49
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains most of a eukaryotic cell’s genetic material

50
Q

do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

no - they have a nucleoid

51
Q

the nucleus contains an aqueous _____

A

nucleoplasm

52
Q

the nucleus has an inner and outer membrane, called the _____

A

nuclear envelope

53
Q

what is the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes?

A

perinuclear space

54
Q

the _____ is a dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

A

nuclear lamina

55
Q

the nuclear lamina is made of _____

A

intermediate filaments

56
Q

the _____ functions to provide structural support to the nucleus; regulate DNA organization, DNA replication, and cell division

A

nuclear lamina

57
Q

the nuclear envelope has holes called _____

A

nuclear pores

58
Q

the _____ is a dense region in the nucleus, associated with ribosomal subunit assembly

A

nucleolus

59
Q

is the nucleolus an organelle?

A

no - it is not membrane bound

60
Q

ribosomal subunits contain _____ and _____

A

ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA); proteins

61
Q

eukaryotic _____ are made in the nucleus and assembled in the cytosol

A

ribosomal subunits

62
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

function in the synthesis of proteins

translation

63
Q

what is the structure of a eukaryotic ribosome?

A

60S + 40S = 80S

64
Q

what is the structure of a prokaryotic ribosome?

A

50S + 30S = 70S

65
Q

where are ribosomes found?

A

freely in the cytosol or attached to the rough ER

66
Q

_____ ribosomes tend to make proteins that function within the cytosol of the cell

A

free

67
Q

ribosomes that bind to the rough ER will synthesize proteins _____

A

into the rough ER lumen

68
Q

the rough ER is continuous with the _____, which means the ER lumen is continuous with the _____

A

outer nuclear membrane; perinuclear space

69
Q

what happens to proteins inside the rough ER?

A

they are manipulated

70
Q

what is a common manipulation for proteins in the rough ER?

A

glycosylation to make glycoproteins

71
Q

what are the 2 fates of proteins that enter the lumen of the rough ER?

A

become a part of the cell membrane; exocytosis

72
Q

the _____ synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones for export

A

smooth ER

73
Q

in some cells (ex: liver), the _____ functions in the breakdown of toxins, and drugs

A

smooth ER

74
Q

what is the name of the smooth ER of muscle cells that stores and releases Ca2+ ions?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Feralis Bio (2 decks)

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