Cells And Movemnet Of Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

How does water travel up a plant

A

Through xylem vessels to the leaves

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2
Q

What keeps the leaves of a plant firm and outstretched

A

Xylem in the veins. The leaves are lignified and the fully turgid cells push against each other and create pressure

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3
Q

What makes the leaves wilt

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis so the cell is flaccid and there is no pressure in the cell

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4
Q

What are the affects of osmosis on animal cells

A

Because there is no cell wall there is never any internal pressure . Normally in blood cells they are surrounded by a plasma of the same water concentration as the cytoplasm so no osmosis occurred . When the plasma is diluted water enters the cell by osmosis causing them to swell and burst.

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5
Q

What happens when a plant cell is in a turgid state

A

Pressure and water concentration in cell increase its water potential until it equals that of the water outside . Cell is now turgid and there is no net water movement

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6
Q

What is active transport

A

Active transport is when a substance moves against the concentration gradient e.g from. A low concentration to a high concentration . This is called active transport because this movement requires energy. Energy is used to pull a particle through a protein against the direction of diffusion

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7
Q

What is xylem

A

Lignified cell walls

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8
Q

What is diffusion

A

The tendency of particles of liquid and gases to move apart by kinetic energy from a region of their own high concentration into a region of their own lower concentration until there is no difference in the concentration in the volume occupied.

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9
Q

What is osmosis

A

Form of diffusion. The diffusion of solvent, water across a selectively permeable E.g a cell membrane. Because it because it can occur in both directions osmosis is often expressed as the next diffusion of water across the membrane. Water tends to defuse down its own concentration gradient

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10
Q

What is water potential

A

It is a measure of a tendency to donate water to its surrounding- usually by diffusion down waters own concentration gradient

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11
Q

Why do plant cells not swell up and burst like animal cells

A

I plant cells have walls around them so they cannot swell up and burst through uptake of water by osmosis when placed in distilled water. Plant cells oppose their own continuous swelling in water because of the pressure on the cell contents enclosed by the cell-surface membrane Exerted by its wall. When a plant cell is turgid the cell wall pushes back against the cytoplasm and opposes any further osmotic uptake of water through the cell-surface membrane

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12
Q

What affects a cells water potential

A

A cells water potential may be dependent only on it solute concentration , as in animal cells or it may also depend on the pressure exerted on the cell’s water by a cell wall

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13
Q

What is it called when two solutions have the same Solute concentrations

A

Isotonic

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14
Q

What is called when a solution has a greater solute concentration than another

A

The solution with the lower concentration is said to be hypertonic to it.

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15
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

When the vacuole loses water so the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall .in a playsmolysed cell the wall is limp and there is no internal pressure , and the cell Sap has the same water concentration as the external solution. The cell has a greater water potential than the surrounding liquid and water moved out by osmosis . The sorrounding solution has crossed the cell wall and now surrounds the cell membrane .Hypertonic

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16
Q

What is the internal pressure of a cell

A

Turgor pressure

17
Q

What is a flaccid cell

A

A cell with a low internal pressure , the cell is no longer turgid because the surrounding liquid has the same water potential as the cell contents so the wall is not as good at holding the cell fully turgid . Isotonic

18
Q

What happens in young soft plants

A

Turgor provides the support so when the the cells lose water , the leaves wilt.

19
Q

What is a turgid cell

A

Normal. The cell contents have a lower water potential than the surrounding liquid and the vacuole swells and pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall. Hypotonic

20
Q

How do animal cells maintain water potential of blood and fluid

A

Animal cells have no cell walls to protect them against osmotic rupture , so animals maintain their water potentials by bathing their tissue cells homeostatically by means of their kidneys

21
Q

What is crenated blood cell

A

The blood cell is in a hypertonic environment and goes bumpy as it looses water .

22
Q

How does paramecium maintain homeostasis

A

Because paramecium has no cell wall water therefore tends to enter the more concentrated cytoplasm by osmosis. But the two contractile vacuoles maintain cell homeostatis by pumping out water that enters

23
Q

How do you calculate percentage change

A

Change in mass
——————– times 100
Original mass.

24
Q

What does a plant cell contain and what do they do

A

Nucleus- contains the genetic material of the cell (DNA ) and controls how the cell grows and works and divides.

Chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll which absorbs the light energy that plants need to photosynthesise .

Mitochondria - sites of aerobic respiration releasing energy from food molecules . Cellular respiration

Cell wall - made of cellulose , prevents cell from bursting and supports the cell and defines its structure .

Cell surface membrane - holds the cell together and controls substances entering and leaving the cell.

Cytoplasm - jelly like fluid which fills the cell. , most enzyme reactions occur here .

Vacuole - large permeable membrane which stores plants pigments And waste, supports the shape of the cell.

25
Q

How does water enter a plant

A

Through root hair cells

26
Q

What does an animal cell contain

A

Cell surface membrane , cytoplasm , mitochondria and nucleus

27
Q

What do different things do in a root hair cell

A

Root hairs - take in water and mineral salts
Cortex - stores some food as starch
Xylem - carries water and mineral salts up the stem
Root tip- grows as the cell divides
Root cap - protects the root tip as it grows through the soil
Phloem - brings food from the leaves which is used to make new cells at the root tip.

28
Q

What is inside the stem

A

Cambium - cells make new xylem and new phloem as the plant grows
Epidermis- is a single layer of cells on the outside of the stem which protects the stem and cuts down on water loss
Vascular bundle - is made up of phloem cambium and xylem
Xylem - carries water and mineral salts up to the leaves
Phloem - carries dissolved food and hormones around the plant

29
Q

Why are leaves thin

A

So there is a short distance between the air and the leaf so the rate of diffusion is quicker between the carbon dioxide and the leaf . The surface area of the leAf is really big so it can take in lots of light

30
Q

What does the guard cell do

A

Closes the pore at night and opens it in the day for photosynthesis

31
Q

What is the stoma pore

A

Carbon dioxide enters here

32
Q

What is the epidermis

A

Protects chloroplasts from to much light

33
Q

Why are there air spaces between mesophyll

A

Air spaces between them, so carbon dioxide can diffuse through the gaps.

34
Q

What is diffusion

A

The tendency for particles of matter to move by their own kinetic energy from regions of their own lower concentration until there is an even distribution of them. Diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient of particles. It is always a net movement, it does not require a membrane of any kind . The rate of diffusion is proportional to the difference in concentration of the substance between two places.

35
Q

What is the concentration gradient

A

Concentration difference divided by distance.If the gradient is steeper, diffusion will occur faster. The shorter the diffusion distance between source and sink(where it has to get to ), the greater the rate of diffusion and the shorter the time taken for the substance to reach its destination .

36
Q

What are the characteristics of living organisms

A

Moving, respiration - converting food into energy , sensitivity-reacting to their environment , homeostatis - keeping internal conditions the Same , reproduction , excretion - getting rid of waste , nutrition - eating / absorbing nutrients from their surroundings and growth - growing and developing , repairing tissues